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Related Concept Videos

The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom02:45

The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom

Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of a particle moving in quantized circular orbits, Erwin Schrödinger extended de Broglie’s work by deriving what is now known as the Schrödinger equation. When Schrödinger applied his equation to hydrogen-like atoms, he was able to reproduce Bohr’s expression for the energy and, thus, the Rydberg formula governing hydrogen spectra. Schrödinger...
The de Broglie Wavelength02:32

The de Broglie Wavelength

In the macroscopic world, objects that are large enough to be seen by the naked eye follow the rules of classical physics. A billiard ball moving on a table will behave like a particle; it will continue traveling in a straight line unless it collides with another ball, or it is acted on by some other force, such as friction. The ball has a well-defined position and velocity or well-defined momentum, p = mv, which is defined by mass m and velocity v at any given moment. This is the typical...
Electronic Structure of Atoms02:28

Electronic Structure of Atoms


An atom comprises protons and neutrons, which are contained inside the dense, central core called the nucleus, with electrons present around the nucleus. Taking into account the wave–particle duality of electrons and the uncertainty in position around the nucleus, quantum mechanics provides a more accurate model for the atomic structure. It describes atomic orbitals as the regions around the nucleus where electrons of discrete energy exist, characterized by four quantum numbers:  n, l, ml, and...
Atomic Orbitals02:44

Atomic Orbitals

An atomic orbital represents the three-dimensional regions in an atom where an electron has the highest probability to reside. The radial distribution function indicates the total probability of finding an electron within the thin shell at a distance r from the nucleus. The atomic orbitals have distinct shapes which are determined by l, the angular momentum quantum number. The orbitals are often drawn with a boundary surface, enclosing densest regions of the cloud.
The Bohr Model02:18

The Bohr Model

Following the work of Ernest Rutherford and his colleagues in the early twentieth century, the picture of atoms consisting of tiny dense nuclei surrounded by lighter and even tinier electrons continually moving about the nucleus was well established. This picture was called the planetary model since it pictured the atom as a miniature “solar system” with the electrons orbiting the nucleus like planets orbiting the sun. The simplest atom is hydrogen, consisting of a single proton as the nucleus...
Electron Orbital Model01:18

Electron Orbital Model

Orbitals are the areas outside of the atomic nucleus where electrons are most likely to reside. They are characterized by different energy levels, shapes, and three-dimensional orientations. The location of electrons is described most generally by a shell or principal energy level, then by a subshell within each shell, and finally, by individual orbitals found within the subshells.The first shell is closest to the nucleus, and it has only one subshell with a single spherical orbital called the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Shaping the Amplitude and Phase of Laser Beams by Using a Phase-only Spatial Light Modulator
08:39

Shaping the Amplitude and Phase of Laser Beams by Using a Phase-only Spatial Light Modulator

Published on: January 28, 2019

Shaping an atomic electron wave packet.

M Noel, C Stroud

    Optics Express
    |April 18, 2009
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Scientists used laser pulses to precisely control atomic electron wavefunctions. This method, demonstrated with three pulses, allows tailoring quantum states for advanced applications.

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    Line Shape Analysis of Dynamic NMR Spectra for Characterizing Coordination Sphere Rearrangements at a Chiral Rhenium Polyhydride Complex
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    Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F−
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    Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F−

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    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jun 23, 2026

    Shaping the Amplitude and Phase of Laser Beams by Using a Phase-only Spatial Light Modulator
    08:39

    Shaping the Amplitude and Phase of Laser Beams by Using a Phase-only Spatial Light Modulator

    Published on: January 28, 2019

    Line Shape Analysis of Dynamic NMR Spectra for Characterizing Coordination Sphere Rearrangements at a Chiral Rhenium Polyhydride Complex
    10:52

    Line Shape Analysis of Dynamic NMR Spectra for Characterizing Coordination Sphere Rearrangements at a Chiral Rhenium Polyhydride Complex

    Published on: July 27, 2022

    Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F−
    06:53

    Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F−

    Published on: July 27, 2018

    Area of Science:

    • Atomic Physics
    • Quantum Control
    • Laser Spectroscopy

    Background:

    • Atomic electron wavefunctions govern atomic properties and interactions.
    • Precise control over wavefunctions is crucial for quantum technologies.
    • Laser-matter interactions offer a pathway for manipulating quantum states.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate coherent control of atomic electron wavefunction shape.
    • To demonstrate experimental control using a train of short laser pulses.
    • To develop a general theoretical framework for pulse-train control.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized a train of three transform-limited laser pulses for excitation.
    • Measured the resulting quantum state distribution to verify control.
    • Developed a theoretical model for N-pulse control in the weak field limit.

    Main Results:

    • Successfully demonstrated experimental control over atomic electron wavefunction shape.
    • Obtained specific quantum state distributions through tailored laser excitation.
    • Established a theoretical foundation for pulse-train control, extendable to strong fields.

    Conclusions:

    • Coherent control of atomic wavefunctions is achievable with precisely timed laser pulses.
    • The experimental demonstration validates the potential of this control method.
    • The developed theory provides a framework for understanding and optimizing quantum state manipulation.