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Related Concept Videos

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle01:22

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH release.
Menopause01:28

Menopause

Menopause, a natural biological process marking the end of a woman's fertility, typically occurs between the fifth and sixth decade of life. This phase is characterized by the exhaustion of the ovarian follicle pool, leading to less responsive ovaries despite the high levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The consequential decrease in estrogen production results in symptoms like hot flashes, heavy sweating, headaches, hair loss, muscle pains, vaginal...
Disorders of the Female Reproductive System01:24

Disorders of the Female Reproductive System

The female reproductive system can be affected by several disorders, including Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS), Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD), endometriosis, and various forms of cancer. PMS and PMDD are cyclical conditions that cause physical and emotional distress, with symptoms that include edema, mood swings, and food cravings. PMDD is a more severe form of PMS characterized by increased symptom severity that peaks during the luteal phase and tends to improve or resolve shortly after...
Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle01:30

Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle

The ovarian cycle is meticulously regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. This cycle orchestrates the release of a mature oocyte, essential for reproduction.
Before puberty, the hypothalamus releases GnRH in a low frequency, low amplitude pulsatile manner. This along with the immature hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis activity, results in low estrogen levels and the absence of a fully functional ovarian cycle.  At puberty, GnRH secretion increases in both frequency and...
Gonadal and Placental Hormones01:24

Gonadal and Placental Hormones

The gonads, namely the testes in males and the ovaries in females, are pivotal in producing gonadal hormones that orchestrate the intricate processes of sexual development and reproduction.
In males, testosterone is the primary gonadal androgen. It plays a central role in the maturation of male reproductive organs — the penis and testes. Additionally, testosterone is instrumental in the development of secondary sexual characteristics — a deep voice as well as facial and pubic hair growth — and...
Antidepressant Drugs: MAOIs and Other Agents01:23

Antidepressant Drugs: MAOIs and Other Agents

Atypical antidepressants, including bupropion (Wellbutrin), mirtazapine (Remeron), nefazodone (Serzone), trazodone (Desyrel), and vilazodone (Viibryd), offer unique mechanisms of action. Bupropion weakly inhibits dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake, aiding depression treatment and smoking cessation, with a low risk of sexual dysfunction. Mirtazapine enhances serotonin and norepinephrine neurotransmission, leading to sedation, increased appetite, and weight gain. As a result, it helps treat...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache
10:39

3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache

Published on: June 2, 2014

Estrogen replacement and migraine.

E A MacGregor1

  • 1The City of London Migraine Clinic, United Kingdom. anne.macgregor747@migraineclinic.org

Maturitas
|April 21, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Migraine affects many women, with estrogen withdrawal triggering attacks. For migraine with aura, use the lowest non-oral estrogen dose due to stroke risk.

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Last Updated: Jun 23, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Endocrinology
  • Women's Health

Background:

  • Migraine is common in women, often linked to estrogen fluctuations.
  • Migraine without aura improves postmenopause due to stable hormone levels.
  • Migraine with aura indicates increased ischemic stroke risk.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the relationship between estrogen replacement therapy and migraine with and without aura.
  • To provide recommendations for hormone replacement in women with migraine.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing evidence on estrogen's role in migraine triggers and risks.
  • Analysis of the impact of estrogen withdrawal and replacement on different migraine types.

Main Results:

  • Estrogen withdrawal is a key trigger for menstrual migraine without aura.
  • Non-oral estrogen replacement supports a stable hormonal environment.
  • Migraine with aura is associated with coagulation disorders and higher stroke risk.

Conclusions:

  • Women with migraine with aura need the lowest effective non-oral estrogen dose for symptom control.
  • Estrogen replacement therapy should be carefully managed in women with migraine with aura.
  • Non-oral routes are preferred for estrogen replacement in women experiencing migraine with aura.