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Nuclear Transmutation03:20

Nuclear Transmutation

Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed protons being...
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The difference between the calculated and experimentally measured masses is known as the mass defect of the atom. In the case of helium-4, the mass defect indicates a “loss” in mass of 4.0331 amu – 4.0026 amu = 0.0305 amu. The loss in mass accompanying the formation of an atom from protons, neutrons, and electrons is due to the conversion of that mass into energy that is evolved as the atom forms. The nuclear binding energy is the energy produced when the atoms’ nucleons are bound together;...
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Nuclear Stability

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Many heavier elements with smaller binding energies per nucleon can decompose into more stable elements that have intermediate mass numbers and larger binding energies per nucleon—that is, mass numbers and binding energies per nucleon that are closer to the “peak” of the binding energy graph near 56. Sometimes neutrons are also produced. This decomposition of a large nucleus into smaller pieces is called fission. The breaking is rather random with the formation of a large number of different...

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Neutron Crystallography Data Collection and Processing for Modelling Hydrogen Atoms in Protein Structures
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A neutron producing target for BINP accelerator-based neutron source.

B Bayanov1, E Kashaeva, A Makarov

  • 1Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Lavrentiev ave., 11, Novosibirsk, Russia.

Applied Radiation and Isotopes : Including Data, Instrumentation and Methods for Use in Agriculture, Industry and Medicine
|April 21, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new accelerator-based neutron source for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) is now operational. This facility utilizes a lithium target and a proton beam to generate neutrons, advancing BNCT capabilities.

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Area of Science:

  • Nuclear Physics
  • Medical Physics
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) requires efficient neutron sources.
  • Accelerator-based neutron sources offer an alternative to reactor-based systems.
  • Lithium targets are crucial for generating neutrons via the (7)Li(p,n)(7)Be reaction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe the design and operation of a novel accelerator-based neutron source for BNCT.
  • To present results from target testing, neutron generation, and spectral simulations.
  • To summarize previous investigations on lithium target design and radiation blistering.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing a 25 kW proton beam at 1.915 MeV or 2.5 MeV.
  • Employing a lithium target for neutron production via the (7)Li(p,n)(7)Be reaction.
  • Conducting Monte Carlo simulations using the MCNP code for target optimization and neutron spectra analysis.

Main Results:

  • The neutron target has been manufactured, assembled, and integrated into the facility.
  • Initial testing and neutron generation have been successfully performed.
  • Simulations provide insights into neutron spectra for BNCT applications.

Conclusions:

  • The accelerator-based neutron source for BNCT is operational.
  • The developed lithium target design is suitable for neutron generation.
  • Further optimization and characterization of neutron spectra are ongoing.