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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
Antigen Processing Pathways01:31

Antigen Processing Pathways

MHC molecules are key players in the immune response, enabling T cells to recognize and respond to specific antigens. They are present on the surface of all nucleated cells in the body and are instrumental in presenting antigens to T cells and activating them. T cells recognize the MHC-antigen complex and initiate an immune response. MHC class I and MHC class II are two main types of MHC molecules, each associated with a distinct antigen processing pathway.
MHC Class I: Presenting Endogenous...
Antigen Presenting Cells01:22

Antigen Presenting Cells

The immune system is a complex network of cells and molecules that protects the body from foreign invaders. T cells, a type of white blood cell, play a crucial role in this process. They recognize and attack foreign substances, such as pathogens, that enter the body.
T cells require the help of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which process foreign antigens into smaller fragments that can be recognized by T cells. These APCs are highly specialized cells that efficiently internalize antigens...
Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.
Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
Cross-reactivity00:42

Cross-reactivity

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Peptide Scanning-assisted Identification of a Monoclonal Antibody-recognized Linear B-cell Epitope
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Published on: March 24, 2017

T-cell epitope processing (the epitope flanking regions matter).

Alejandra Nacarino Martinez1, Stefan Tenzer, Hansjörg Schild

  • 1Institute for Immunology, University of Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, 55131 Mainz, Germany.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|April 21, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) recognition of epitopes presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules is influenced by flanking regions. Altering C-terminal amino acids of the SIINFEKL (S8L) epitope impacts its processing and presentation.

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Use of Interferon-γ Enzyme-linked Immunospot Assay to Characterize Novel T-cell Epitopes of Human Papillomavirus
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Use of Interferon-γ Enzyme-linked Immunospot Assay to Characterize Novel T-cell Epitopes of Human Papillomavirus

Published on: March 8, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cellular Biology

Background:

  • Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules present epitopes to cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs), primarily from cytosolic proteins.
  • Efficient antigen presentation involves proteasomal processing, aminopeptidases, TAP transport, and MHC class I binding.
  • Epitope generation efficiency is influenced by flanking amino acid sequences, not just the epitope itself.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of C-terminal epitope extensions on antigen processing and presentation.
  • To analyze how modifications at the C-terminus of the SIINFEKL (S8L) epitope affect its presentation by MHC class I molecules.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing the SIINFEKL (S8L) epitope as a model system.
  • Systematically exchanging amino acids at the C-terminus of the S8L epitope.
  • Analyzing the influence of these exchanges on epitope processing and presentation.

Main Results:

  • The study demonstrates that C-terminal flanking residues significantly affect the processing and presentation of epitopes.
  • Specific amino acid substitutions at the C-terminus of S8L alter the efficiency of its presentation.
  • This highlights the importance of flanking regions in determining epitope immunogenicity.

Conclusions:

  • C-terminal flanking regions play a crucial role in the generation and presentation of MHC class I-restricted epitopes.
  • Understanding these preferences can aid in predicting and manipulating T-cell responses.
  • The S8L model system provides valuable insights into epitope processing mechanisms.