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Related Concept Videos

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius01:09

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius

The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a short...
Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age01:09

Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age

The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
Initially, the limb buds consist of a core of mesenchyme covered by a layer of ectoderm. The ectoderm at the end of the limb bud thickens to form a narrow crest called the apical ectodermal ridge. This ridge stimulates the underlying...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna01:15

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna

The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side of the...
Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula01:10

Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula

The tibia is the main weight-bearing bone of the lower leg. It is larger than the fibula with which it is paired. The tibia is also the second longest bone in the body and is located right below the skin. The proximal end of the tibia forms the medial and the lateral condyle, which articulates with the condyles of the femur to form the knee joint. Between the articulating surfaces is the irregular elevated area known as the intercondylar eminence that serves as the inferior attachment point for...
Muscles of the Forearm that Move the Hand and Fingers01:16

Muscles of the Forearm that Move the Hand and Fingers

The muscles of the forearm that move the wrist, hand, and digits are numerous and diverse. They can be classified into two groups based on their location and function — the anterior and posterior compartment muscles.
Anterior Compartment
The anterior compartment muscles originate from the humerus. They primarily function as flexors and are also known as flexor muscles. They typically insert on the carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges. The superficial layer includes the flexor carpi radialis,...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Generation of Chimeric Axolotls with Mutant Haploid Limbs Through Embryonic Grafting
07:17

Generation of Chimeric Axolotls with Mutant Haploid Limbs Through Embryonic Grafting

Published on: January 29, 2020

Undergrowth: brachydactyly.

Michael L Nguyen1, Neil F Jones

  • 1Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California-Irvine Medical Center, Orange, 92868, USA.

Hand Clinics
|April 22, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Brachydactyly, or short finger, presents variably from mild hypoplasia to aplasia. This review covers surgical reconstruction options, including bone grafting, lengthening, and microsurgical toe transfers for improved hand function.

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Chicken Recombinant Limbs Assay to Understand Morphogenesis, Patterning, and Early Steps in Cell Differentiation
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Chicken Recombinant Limbs Assay to Understand Morphogenesis, Patterning, and Early Steps in Cell Differentiation

Published on: January 12, 2022

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Last Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Generation of Chimeric Axolotls with Mutant Haploid Limbs Through Embryonic Grafting
07:17

Generation of Chimeric Axolotls with Mutant Haploid Limbs Through Embryonic Grafting

Published on: January 29, 2020

Chicken Recombinant Limbs Assay to Understand Morphogenesis, Patterning, and Early Steps in Cell Differentiation
08:08

Chicken Recombinant Limbs Assay to Understand Morphogenesis, Patterning, and Early Steps in Cell Differentiation

Published on: January 12, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Plastic Surgery
  • Congenital Hand Anomalies

Background:

  • Brachydactyly is a congenital condition characterized by abnormally short digits.
  • It encompasses a spectrum from minor hypoplasia to complete digital aplasia.
  • The index and small fingers, along with the middle phalanx, are most frequently affected.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and compare surgical reconstruction methods for brachydactyly.
  • To discuss the efficacy of conventional and newer microsurgical techniques.

Main Methods:

  • Review of conventional reconstruction techniques: nonvascularized toe phalangeal bone grafting and distraction lengthening.
  • Discussion of newer microsurgical toe-to-hand transfers.

Main Results:

  • Conventional methods offer reconstructive options for digital hypoplasia and aplasia.
  • Microsurgical toe transfers represent an advanced technique for complex cases.

Conclusions:

  • Brachydactyly management requires tailored surgical approaches.
  • Both traditional and microsurgical techniques aim to restore form and function to affected digits.