Endoscopic Studies I: Bronchoscopy and Thoracoscopy
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation V: Advanced Airway Management Techniques
Endoscopic Studies II: Thoracocentesis
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Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Systematic Bronchoscopy: the Four Landmarks Approach
Published on: June 23, 2023
Nikolaos Zias1, Alexandra Chroneou, Anne V Gonzalez
1Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Clinic Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, Massachusetts 01803, USA.
Flexible bronchoscopy (FB) offers a valuable alternative to rigid bronchoscopy (RB) for treating distal airway lesions and less advanced malignant diseases. This approach is increasingly utilized for interventional procedures.
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