Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...

Functions of the Lymphatic and Immune System

Functions of the Lymphatic and Immune System

The lymphatic system plays a crucial role in bolstering our immune system. It consists of a network of lymphoid organs, lymph, and lymphatic vessels that provide structural and functional support in safeguarding the body against pathogens such as viruses and bacteria.
The primary lymphoid organs, including the bone marrow and the thymus, serve as the maturation sites for lymphocytes. Secondary lymphoid organs, like the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, activate these lymphocytes and serve as...

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Antigen Presenting Cells

Antigen Presenting Cells

The immune system is a complex network of cells and molecules that protects the body from foreign invaders. T cells, a type of white blood cell, play a crucial role in this process. They recognize and attack foreign substances, such as pathogens, that enter the body.
T cells require the help of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which process foreign antigens into smaller fragments that can be recognized by T cells. These APCs are highly specialized cells that efficiently internalize antigens...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

G2A Protects Mice against Sepsis by Modulating Kupffer Cell Activation: Cooperativity with Adenosine Receptor 2b.

Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)·2018

Same author

Training in metabolomics research. II. Processing and statistical analysis of metabolomics data, metabolite identification, pathway analysis, applications of metabolomics and its future.

Journal of mass spectrometry : JMS·2017

Same author

Training in metabolomics research. I. Designing the experiment, collecting and extracting samples and generating metabolomics data.

Journal of mass spectrometry : JMS·2016

Same author

Early lipid changes in acute kidney injury using SWATH lipidomics coupled with MALDI tissue imaging.

American journal of physiology. Renal physiology·2016

Same author

Calreticulin Regulates Neointima Formation and Collagen Deposition following Carotid Artery Ligation.

Journal of vascular research·2016

Same author

Effect of n-3 and n-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Microsomal P450 Steroidogenic Enzyme Activities and In Vitro Cortisol Production in Adrenal Tissue From Yorkshire Boars.

Endocrinology·2016

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Phenotypic and Functional Analysis of Activated Regulatory T Cells Isolated from Chronic Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus-infected Mice

Phenotypic and Functional Analysis of Activated Regulatory T Cells Isolated from Chronic Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus-infected Mice

Published on: June 22, 2016

G2A and LPC: regulatory functions in immunity.

Janusz H Kabarowski¹

¹Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-2170, USA. janusz@uab.edu

Prostaglandins & Other Lipid Mediators

|April 23, 2009

Summary

The G2A receptor, initially found in B cells, plays a dual role. It may inhibit cell growth under stress but is crucial for immune responses, regulated by lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC).

Area of Science:

Molecular Biology
Immunology
Cellular Biology

Background:

The G2A receptor was first identified through its increased expression in mouse B lymphoid cells following oncogenic transformation and DNA damage.
Initial studies in fibroblast cell lines suggested G2A might inhibit cell growth during proliferative and genotoxic stress.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the role of the G2A receptor beyond its initial characterization in cell growth regulation.
To explore the function of G2A signaling in immune responses, particularly following the identification of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) as a key regulator.

Main Methods:

Transcriptional analysis of G2A expression in response to oncogenic transformation and DNA-damaging agents.
Cellular assays examining the effects of G2A overexpression on cell growth in fibroblastic cell lines.

More Related Videos

Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets

Mouse Naïve CD4⁺ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets

Published on: April 16, 2015

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Phenotypic and Functional Analysis of Activated Regulatory T Cells Isolated from Chronic Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus-infected Mice

Phenotypic and Functional Analysis of Activated Regulatory T Cells Isolated from Chronic Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus-infected Mice

Published on: June 22, 2016

Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets

Mouse Naïve CD4⁺ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets

Published on: April 16, 2015

Studies investigating the signaling pathways regulated by lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) involving the G2A receptor in immune cells.

Main Results:

G2A receptor expression is induced by oncogenic transformation and DNA-damaging agents in murine B lymphoid cells.
Overexpression of G2A in fibroblasts suggested a negative regulatory role in cell growth under stress conditions.
Subsequent research revealed lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) as a regulator of G2A signaling, highlighting its importance in immune cells.

Conclusions:

The G2A receptor exhibits a complex role, potentially influencing cell growth under stress.
Emerging evidence strongly implicates the G2A receptor in both innate and adaptive immunity.
Lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) is a critical modulator of G2A signaling within the immune system.