Therapeutic hypothermia for neonatal encephalopathy implications for neonatal units in India

Therapeutic hypothermia has recently emerged from bench to bedside. Three large multicenter trials from industrialized countries and three independent meta-analyses have shown its efficacy in reducing death and disability following neonatal encephalopathy due a perinatal hypoxic event. Many neonatal units in well-resourced settings now offer hypothermia as standard care in neonatal encephalopathy. However, these results cannot be extrapolated to low resource settings due to differences in population, risk benefits and high cost. Use of therapeutic hypothermia in low resource settings should be considered experimental and should therefore be restricted to well equipped level 2 and 3 neonatal units. The safety and efficacy of hypothermia using novel low technology methods need to be examined in rigorously controlled multicenter randomized controlled trials in these neonatal units before it can be offered as a standard care, as the risks may outweigh the benefits. The current practice of maintaining normothermia should continue, until such evidence is available.