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Accurate diagnosis and effective prevention are critical in managing Acute Kidney Injury (AKI), which is linked to high mortality rates ranging from 10% to 80%. Timely recognition of at-risk patients and careful monitoring can significantly reduce the likelihood of kidney damage.Diagnostic Assessments:The diagnostic process starts with a comprehensive medical history to identify prerenal, intrarenal, and postrenal causes.Prerenal causes, such as dehydration, hypotension, or blood loss, should...
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Updated: Jun 23, 2026

A Protocol for Safe Lithiation Reactions Using Organolithium Reagents
09:45

A Protocol for Safe Lithiation Reactions Using Organolithium Reagents

Published on: November 12, 2016

Lithium nephrotoxicity revisited.

Jean-Pierre Grünfeld1, Bernard C Rossier

  • 1Department of Nephrology, Necker Hospital, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France. jean-pierre.grunfeld@nck.ap-hop-paris.fr

Nature Reviews. Nephrology
|April 23, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Lithium treatment for bipolar disorder can cause nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) by affecting kidney collecting duct cells. Amiloride shows promise in treating NDI, but its long-term protective effects are unknown.

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5/6th Nephrectomy in Combination with High Salt Diet and Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibition to Induce Chronic Kidney Disease in the Lewis Rat
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Published on: July 3, 2013

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Last Updated: Jun 23, 2026

A Protocol for Safe Lithiation Reactions Using Organolithium Reagents
09:45

A Protocol for Safe Lithiation Reactions Using Organolithium Reagents

Published on: November 12, 2016

5/6th Nephrectomy in Combination with High Salt Diet and Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibition to Induce Chronic Kidney Disease in the Lewis Rat
08:50

5/6th Nephrectomy in Combination with High Salt Diet and Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibition to Induce Chronic Kidney Disease in the Lewis Rat

Published on: July 3, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Pharmacology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Lithium is a primary treatment for bipolar disorder.
  • Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) is a common adverse effect of lithium, impacting up to 40% of patients.
  • Lithium toxicity manifests as increased water/sodium diuresis, metabolic acidosis, and potentially chronic kidney disease.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review evidence on lithium's nephrotoxic effects.
  • To identify the primary cellular targets and mechanisms of lithium-induced kidney damage.
  • To evaluate therapeutic strategies for lithium-induced NDI.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical and experimental literature on lithium nephrotoxicity.
  • Analysis of cellular pathways involved in lithium's effects on collecting duct principal cells.
  • Examination of evidence for amiloride in treating lithium-induced NDI.

Main Results:

  • The collecting duct principal cell is the primary target of lithium's nephrotoxic effects.
  • Lithium-induced NDI involves aquaporin 2 dysregulation, linked to lithium entry via ENaC and GSK-3beta inhibition.
  • Amiloride, an ENaC inhibitor, is effective in treating lithium-induced NDI.

Conclusions:

  • Lithium's nephrotoxicity centers on collecting duct dysfunction and aquaporin 2 dysregulation.
  • Amiloride demonstrates therapeutic potential for lithium-induced NDI.
  • Further research is needed to determine if amiloride prevents long-term lithium-related kidney damage.