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Related Concept Videos

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna01:15

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna

The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side of the...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius01:09

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius

The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a short...
Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella01:16

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the neck...

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Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty
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Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty

Published on: July 5, 2011

Distal humeral nonunion.

Joaquin Sanchez-Sotelo1

  • 1Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.

Instructional Course Lectures
|April 24, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Nonunion, a challenging complication of distal humeral fractures, occurs despite advanced fixation techniques. Some fractures fail to unite, necessitating further surgery for patients with painful, dysfunctional limbs.

Area of Science:

  • Orthopaedic Surgery
  • Traumatology
  • Bone Healing Research

Background:

  • Distal humeral fractures are common and complex injuries.
  • Nonunion represents a significant complication, leading to poor patient outcomes.
  • Despite advancements in internal fixation, achieving union remains challenging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the challenges and outcomes associated with nonunion of distal humeral fractures.
  • To discuss current internal fixation techniques and their limitations in preventing nonunion.
  • To highlight the need for improved strategies in managing these complex fractures.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on distal humeral fracture nonunion.
  • Analysis of internal fixation principles and techniques.

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  • Discussion of clinical implications and surgical management.

    • Main Results:

    • Nonunion remains a frequent and difficult complication of distal humeral fractures.
    • Advanced fixation techniques have improved outcomes but do not eliminate nonunion.
    • Fracture nonunion results in unstable, dysfunctional, and painful upper extremities.

    Conclusions:

    • Nonunion of distal humeral fractures continues to be a significant clinical problem.
    • Further surgical intervention is often required for nonunion.
    • Ongoing research into improved fixation and biological enhancement is crucial.