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Related Concept Videos

Ionic Association01:28

Ionic Association

The ionic association is the association of oppositely charged ions in an electrolyte solution to form ion pairs. Bjerrum defined ion pairs as two oppositely charged ions whose electrostatic attraction exceeds the thermal energy of the system, typically expressed as 2kT. Electrostatic attraction depends on ionic charge, separation distance, and the dielectric constant of the medium. Thermal energy, represented by kT, reflects the tendency of ions to move independently due to molecular motion.
Aqueous Solutions and Heats of Hydration02:42

Aqueous Solutions and Heats of Hydration

Water and other polar molecules are attracted to ions. The electrostatic attraction between an ion and a molecule with a dipole is called an ion-dipole attraction. These attractions play an important role in the dissolution of ionic compounds in water.
When ionic compounds dissolve in water, the ions in the solid separate and disperse uniformly throughout the solution because water molecules surround and solvate the ions, reducing the strong electrostatic forces between them. This process...
Intermolecular Forces03:13

Intermolecular Forces

Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion...
Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
Ion Exchange01:17

Ion Exchange

Ion exchange chromatography separates charged molecules from a solution by reversibly exchanging them with mobile, or 'active', ions associated with the oppositely charged stationary phase. This method can be used to separate ions, soften and deionize water, and purify solutions. The polymers comprising the ion-exchange column are high-molecular-weight and chemically stable polymers, crosslinked to be porous and essentially insoluble. They are also functionalized with either acidic or basic...

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Updated: Jun 23, 2026

On-chip Isotachophoresis for Separation of Ions and Purification of Nucleic Acids
10:32

On-chip Isotachophoresis for Separation of Ions and Purification of Nucleic Acids

Published on: March 2, 2012

Large aggregated ions found in some protic ionic liquids.

Danielle F Kennedy, Calum J Drummond

    The Journal of Physical Chemistry. B
    |April 24, 2009
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Large ion aggregates in protic ionic liquids (PILs) were observed using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Ion and solvent properties dictate aggregate formation, influencing amphiphile self-assembly and classifying PILs.

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    From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding
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    Published on: March 24, 2018

    Area of Science:

    • Physical Chemistry
    • Analytical Chemistry

    Background:

    • Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) is used to study protic ionic liquids (PILs).
    • Large aggregated parent ions, such as C(8)A(7)(+), have been detected in certain PILs.

    Discussion:

    • Aggregate formation and size are critically dependent on the specific cation and anion composition of the PIL.
    • Solvent structuring via aggregation in PILs can lead to their characterization as "poor" solvents.
    • This aggregation phenomenon significantly impacts the entropic contribution to the free energy of amphiphile self-assembly.

    Key Insights:

    • The nature of ions in PILs governs the formation and dimensions of aggregated species.
    • PIL aggregation influences solvent properties and amphiphile behavior.
    • ESI-MS is a valuable tool for elucidating ion aggregation in PILs.

    Outlook:

    • Further investigation into ion-structure relationships in PILs is warranted.
    • Understanding aggregation is key to designing PILs for specific applications, including self-assembly processes.
    • Exploring the impact of aggregation on other physicochemical properties of PILs.