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Mechanism of Angiogenesis01:10

Mechanism of Angiogenesis

Blood vessel formation starts early during embryonic development, around day 7. In the extraembryonic yolk sac, mesodermal precursor cells called hemangioblast proliferate and differentiate into angioblast. Angioblasts express vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 or VEGFR2, which binds VEGF-A, a proangiogenic factor, guiding blood vessel formation. VEGF signaling promotes angioblasts to form a blood island in the developing embryo. Angioblasts further differentiate, giving rise to...
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Regulation of Angiogenesis and Blood Supply

Rapidly dividing tumors, embryos, and wounded tissues require more oxygen than usual, lowering the oxygen concentration in the blood. At low oxygen or hypoxic conditions, an oxygen-sensitive transcription factor called the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 or HIF1 is activated. HIF1 is a dimeric protein of alpha (ɑ) and beta (β) subunits.  Under optimal oxygen conditions, HIF1β is present in the nucleus while HIF1ɑ remains in the cytosol. HIF1ɑ is hydroxylated by prolyl hydroxylase and factor...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
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Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...

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In Vivo Inhibition of MicroRNA to Decrease Tumor Growth in Mice
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[Angiogenesis and thyroid cancer].

Zelia Francis1, Eric Baudin, Sophie Leboulleux

  • 1Service de médecine nucléaire et d'oncologie endocrinienne, Paris-Sud et Institut Gustave Roussy, F-94805 Villejuif Cedex, France.

Presse Medicale (Paris, France : 1983)
|April 24, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Novel kinase inhibitors targeting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptors and MAPkinase pathways show promise for refractory thyroid cancers. These therapies offer partial response or long-term stabilization in over half of patients with differentiated and medullary thyroid cancers.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular biology
  • Oncology
  • Pharmacology

Context:

  • Significant advancements in understanding thyroid cancer molecular biology over the past two decades.
  • Development of targeted therapies for refractory thyroid cancer cases.

Purpose:

  • To review the role of kinase inhibitors in treating advanced thyroid cancers.
  • To highlight the efficacy of these inhibitors in differentiated and medullary thyroid cancer subtypes.

Summary:

  • Kinase inhibitors targeting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptors and MAPkinase pathways are effective in thyroid cancer.
  • These agents inhibit angiogenesis and other key signaling pathways.
  • Over 50% of patients with differentiated and medullary thyroid cancers experience partial response or long-term stabilization.

Impact:

  • Provides a novel therapeutic strategy for patients with refractory thyroid cancer.
  • Improves treatment outcomes for differentiated and medullary thyroid cancer.
  • Offers hope for long-term disease control in advanced thyroid cancer patients.