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Updated: Jun 23, 2026
Three-Dimensional Cephalometric Landmark Annotation Demonstration on Human Cone Beam Computed Tomography Scans
Published on: September 8, 2023
Assessment of linear and angular measurements on three-dimensional cone-beam computed tomographic images
Carla R Moreira1, Marcelo A O Sales, Patricia M L Lopes
1College of Dentistry, Department of Stomatology of University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil.
Objective:
The purpose of this research was to provide further evidence to demonstrate the precision and accuracy of maxillofacial linear and angular measurements obtained by cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images.
Study Design:
The study population consisted of 15 dry human skulls that were submitted to CBCT, and 3-dimensional (3D) images were generated. Linear and angular measurements based on conventional craniometric anatomical landmarks, and were identified in 3D-CBCT images by 2 radiologists twice each independently. Subsequently, physical measurements were made by a third examiner using a digital caliper and a digital goniometer.
Results:
The results demonstrated no statistically significant difference between inter- and intra-examiner analysis. Regarding accuracy test, no statistically significant differences were found of the comparison between the physical and CBCT-based linear and angular measurements for both examiners (P = .968 and .915, P = .844 and .700, respectively).
Conclusions:
3D-CBCT images can be used to obtain dimensionally accurate linear and angular measurements from bony maxillofacial structures and landmarks.
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