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Diabetic Retinopathy

Diabetic Retinopathy

DefinitionDiabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes affecting the retinal blood vessels.Risk FactorsDiabetic retinopathy is present in almost all individuals with type 1 diabetes and more than 60% of those with type 2 diabetes after two decades of disease.The risk increases with poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, pregnancy, and puberty.Although cataracts and glaucoma are also more frequent in people with diabetes, retinopathy remains the leading...

Diabetic Nephropathy

Diabetic Nephropathy

Definition Diabetic nephropathy is a chronic kidney complication that results from prolonged hyperglycemia.Prevalence It is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide, affecting up to half of individuals with diabetes.Pathophysiology • Sustained hyperglycemia triggers multiple hemodynamic and metabolic changes in the kidney. • Early in the disease, increased renal blood flow and glomerular hyperfiltration occur due to afferent arteriolar...

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility, suggesting a...

Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

Type 1 diabetes mellitus arises from an immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells, resulting in an absolute deficiency of insulin. This process develops in genetically susceptible individuals when autoimmunity, environmental exposures, and immunologic dysregulation converge to trigger a targeted attack on the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. The β-cells are located within the islets of Langerhans and are essential for regulating blood glucose by facilitating cellular uptake of...

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

PathophysiologyType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM ) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and progressive pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, leading to impaired glucose homeostasis. It results from interactions among genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and metabolic stressors, such as overnutrition and a sedentary lifestyle.Insulin Resistance and Glucose DysregulationEarly T2DM involves insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the liver.

Proteomics

Proteomics

A proteome is the entire set of proteins that a cell type produces. We can study proteomes using the knowledge of genomes because genes code for mRNAs, and the mRNAs encode proteins. Although mRNA analysis is a step in the right direction, not all mRNAs are translated into proteins.
Proteomics is the study of proteomes' function. It involves the large-scale systematic study of the proteome to denote the protein complement expressed by a genome. Scientist Mark Wilkins coined the term proteomics...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Whole Kidney, Medulla, and Cortical Tubules in Diabetic Pathogenesis of Kidney Injury in Mice

Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Whole Kidney, Medulla, and Cortical Tubules in Diabetic Pathogenesis of Kidney Injury in Mice

Published on: May 2, 2025

Proteomics and diabetic retinopathy.

Michael L Merchant¹, Jon B Klein

¹Kidney Disease Program, University of Louisville, 615 South Preston Street, Louisville, KY 40202-1718, USA.

Clinics in Laboratory Medicine

|April 25, 2009

Summary

The complexity of diabetes complications, including diabetic retinopathy, is being unraveled using advanced proteomic techniques. Research suggests multiple proteins, not a single one, contribute to disease progression, impacting vision loss.

Area of Science:

Biochemistry
Ophthalmology
Proteomics

Background:

The global diabetes pandemic presents complex challenges, with attendant complications often poorly understood.
Diabetic retinopathy, a leading cause of vision loss, necessitates deeper investigation into its pathogenic mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore the role of vitreous-resident serum proteins in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy.
To investigate the complexities of diabetic complications using advanced proteomic approaches.

Main Methods:

Utilizing proteomic techniques to increase the abundance of low-abundant proteins.
Employing direct protein sample comparison via chemical labeling or label-free mass spectrometry.

Main Results:

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Last Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Whole Kidney, Medulla, and Cortical Tubules in Diabetic Pathogenesis of Kidney Injury in Mice

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Evidence suggests that multiple vitreous-resident serum proteins, rather than a single protein, are likely involved in initiating and progressing diabetic retinopathy.
Proteomic analysis aids in the identification and comparative analysis of proteins directly within the mass spectrometer.

Conclusions:

Understanding the multifactorial nature of diabetic retinopathy requires further research into the specific roles of various serum proteins.
Further investigation is needed to elucidate why some individuals with diabetes progress to vision loss while others do not.