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Related Concept Videos

Echo01:06

Echo

The human ear cannot distinguish between two sources of sound if they happen to reach within a specific time interval, typically 0.1 seconds apart. More than this, and they are perceived as separate sources.
Imagine the sound is reflected back to the ears. Assuming that the source is very close to the human, the difference between hearing the two sounds—the emitted sound and the reflected sound—may be more than the minimum time for perceiving distinct sounds. If this is the case, then the...
Partial Differential Equations01:21

Partial Differential Equations

A stone dropped into a still pond generates waves that propagate outward in circular patterns, creating a dynamic surface whose elevation depends on both position and time. At any given location, the water level oscillates as the wave passes, while at any fixed moment, the surface exhibits smooth, curved structures extending across space. This dual dependence requires a mathematical description that accounts for variation in multiple variables simultaneously.At a fixed point on the water...
Double Resonance Techniques: Overview01:12

Double Resonance Techniques: Overview

Double resonance techniques in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy involve the simultaneous application of two different frequencies or radiofrequency pulses to manipulate and observe two distinct nuclear spins. One important application of double resonance is spin decoupling, which selectively suppresses coupling with one type of nucleus while observing the NMR signal from another nucleus, simplifying the spectrum and enhancing resolution.
Spin decoupling is usually achieved by...
Reflection of Waves01:07

Reflection of Waves

When a wave travels from one medium to another, it gets reflected at the boundary of the second medium. A common example of this is when a person yells at a distance from a cliff and hears the echo of their voice. The sound waves (longitudinal waves) traveling in the air are reflected from the bounding cliff. Similarly, flipping one end of a string whose other end is tied to a wall causes a pulse (transverse wave) to travel through the string, which gets reflected upon reaching the wall. In...
Types of Damping01:20

Types of Damping

If the amount of damping in a system is gradually increased, the period and frequency start to become affected because damping opposes, and hence slows, the back and forth motion (the net force is smaller in both directions). If there is a very large amount of damping, the system does not even oscillate; instead, it slowly moves toward equilibrium. In brief, an overdamped system moves slowly towards equilibrium, whereas an underdamped system moves quickly to equilibrium but will oscillate about...
Woodward–Hoffmann Selection Rules and Microscopic Reversibility01:34

Woodward–Hoffmann Selection Rules and Microscopic Reversibility

Electrocyclic reactions, cycloadditions, and sigmatropic rearrangements are concerted pericyclic reactions that proceed via a cyclic transition state. These reactions are stereospecific and regioselective. The stereochemistry of the products depends on the symmetry characteristics of the interacting orbitals and the reaction conditions. Accordingly, pericyclic reactions are classified as either symmetry-allowed or symmetry-forbidden. Woodward and Hoffmann presented the selection criteria for...

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Long-term Behavioral Tracking of Freely Swimming Weakly Electric Fish
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Irreversibility and self-organization in hydrodynamic echo experiments.

Gustavo Düring1, Denis Bartolo, Jorge Kurchan

  • 1Laboratoire de Physique Statistique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS UMR 8550-Université Paris 6-Université Paris 7, 24, rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France.

Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics
|April 28, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We found a sharp transition in low-Reynolds hydrodynamic systems. Noise is amplified exponentially in the Lyapunov regime but not in the diffusive regime, where particles move cooperatively without organization.

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Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Fluid Dynamics
  • Statistical Mechanics

Background:

  • Low-Reynolds number hydrodynamics describes fluid motion at small scales.
  • External cycling actuation can drive complex behaviors in physical systems.
  • Understanding transitions between different dynamic regimes is crucial in physics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the reversible-irreversible transition in low-Reynolds hydrodynamic systems.
  • To model systems without auto-organization under external cycling actuation.
  • To characterize the crossover between different noise amplification regimes.

Main Methods:

  • Introduction of a set of models for low-Reynolds hydrodynamic systems.
  • Analysis of system behavior under external cycling actuation.
  • Examination of noise amplification dynamics, including thermal noise.

Main Results:

  • A sharp crossover was identified between a Lyapunov regime and a diffusive regime.
  • In the Lyapunov regime, noise sources are amplified exponentially.
  • In the diffusive regime, exponential noise amplification ceases, and cooperative particle motion emerges without spatial organization.

Conclusions:

  • The study reveals a distinct transition point in driven hydrodynamic systems.
  • The findings differentiate between regimes of exponential noise amplification and cooperative diffusion.
  • Cooperative particle dynamics can occur without leading to macroscopic spatial organization.