Related Concept Videos
01:14Mechanisms of Heat Transfer I
Just as interesting as the effects of heat transfer on a system are the methods by which the heat transfer occur. Whenever there is a temperature difference, heat transfer occurs. It may occur rapidly, such as through a cooking pan, or slowly, such as through the walls of a picnic ice box. So many processes involve heat transfer that it is hard to imagine a situation where no heat transfer occurs. Yet, every heat transfer takes place by only three methods: conduction, convection, and radiation.
01:20Mechanisms of Heat Transfer II
In convection, thermal energy is carried by the large-scale flow of matter. Ocean currents and large-scale atmospheric circulation, which result from the buoyancy of warm air and water, transfer hot air from the tropics toward the poles and cold air from the poles toward the tropics. The Earth’s rotation interacts with those flows, causing the observed eastward flow of air in the temperate zones. Convection dominates heat transfer by air, and the amount of available space for the airflow...
01:14Mechanisms of Heat Transfer
Heat transfer between the human body and its environment occurs through four main mechanisms: conduction, convection, radiation, and evaporation.
Conduction, accounting for approximately 3% of body heat loss at rest, is the process of exchanging heat between molecules of two materials in direct contact. This can result in both heat loss and gain. For instance, when the body is submerged in water, which conducts heat 20 times more effectively than air, it can either lose or gain significant heat.
Conduction, accounting for approximately 3% of body heat loss at rest, is the process of exchanging heat between molecules of two materials in direct contact. This can result in both heat loss and gain. For instance, when the body is submerged in water, which conducts heat 20 times more effectively than air, it can either lose or gain significant heat.
01:25Thermodynamic Processes
A thermodynamic process is a path through a sequence of states that takes a system from an initial state to a final state. In a cyclic process, the system returns to its initial state, so the changes in state properties and state functions (ΔT, Δp, ΔV, ΔU, ΔH) over one complete cycle are zero. However, heat and work transfers can still occur during the cycle, and the net heat and net work over the cycle need not be zero.A reversible process occurs when the system is infinitesimally close to...
02:38Third Law of Thermodynamics
A pure, perfectly crystalline solid possessing no kinetic energy (that is, at a temperature of absolute zero, 0 K) may be described by a single microstate, as its purity, perfect crystallinity,and complete lack of motion means there is but one possible location for each identical atom or molecule comprising the crystal (W = 1). According to the Boltzmann equation, the entropy of this system is zero.
01:06Thermodynamic Systems
A thermodynamic system is a set of objects whose thermodynamic properties are of interest. The system is considered to be embedded in its surroundings or the environment. The system and its environment can exchange heat and do work on each other through a boundary that separates them. However, the immediate surroundings of the system interact with it directly and therefore have a much stronger influence on its behavior and properties.
Consider an example of tea boiling in a kettle. The tea and...
Consider an example of tea boiling in a kettle. The tea and...
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Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 23, 2026
05:20
Characterization of Thermal Transport in One-dimensional Solid Materials
Published on: January 26, 2014
Thermodynamics and roughening of solid-solid interfaces.
Luiza Angheluta1, Espen Jettestuen, Joachim Mathiesen
1Physics of Geological Processes, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
Summary
This study analyzes mass transport across solid interfaces, revealing that density differences and stress can create fingerlike structures. Interface stability depends on the phase transition order.
Area of Science:
- Solid-state physics
- Materials science
- Thermodynamics
Background:
- Understanding the behavior of interfaces between stressed solids is crucial for predicting material evolution.
- Mass transport across interfaces influences phase transformations and material stability.
Purpose of the Study:
- To analyze the dynamics of sharp interfaces between two nonhydrostatically stressed solids.
- To investigate the role of mass transport and thermodynamic potential in interface evolution.
- To determine the factors influencing interface stability and roughening.
Main Methods:
- Derivation of thermodynamic relations for mass element transformation.
- Linear stability analysis of the interface.
- Numerical simulations in the nonlinear regime.
Main Results:
- Interface stability is dependent on the order of the phase transition.
- Small contrasts in referential densities can lead to fingerlike structures.
- These structures align with the principal direction of the far-field stress.
Conclusions:
- The study provides a theoretical framework for understanding stressed solid interface dynamics.
- Predicts the formation of anisotropic structures driven by stress and density contrasts.
- Highlights the importance of phase transition order in interface stability.