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Related Concept Videos

Mechanism of heat transfer01:19

Mechanism of heat transfer

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Understanding heat transfer mechanisms is essential for understanding how our bodies maintain balance in different environmental conditions. When the environment is thermoneutral, the body is in a state of balance, neither using nor releasing energy to maintain its core temperature. However, when the environment is not thermoneutral, the body employs four heat transfer mechanisms to maintain homeostasis: conduction, convection, evaporation, and radiation. These mechanisms facilitate heat...
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Heat Flow and Specific Heat01:12

Heat Flow and Specific Heat

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Heat is a type of energy transfer that is caused by a temperature difference, and it can change the temperature of an object. Since heat is a form of energy, its SI unit is the joule (J). Another common unit of energy often used for heat is the calorie (cal), which is defined as the energy needed to change the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 °C, specifically between 14.5 °C and 15.5 °C, since the energy needed shows a slight temperature dependence. Another commonly used unit is...
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Mechanisms of Heat Transfer I01:14

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer I

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Just as interesting as the effects of heat transfer on a system are the methods by which the heat transfer occur. Whenever there is a temperature difference, heat transfer occurs. It may occur rapidly, such as through a cooking pan, or slowly, such as through the walls of a picnic ice box. So many processes involve heat transfer that it is hard to imagine a situation where no heat transfer occurs. Yet, every heat transfer takes place by only three methods: conduction, convection, and radiation.
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Mechanisms of Heat Transfer II01:20

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer II

4.5K
In convection, thermal energy is carried by the large-scale flow of matter. Ocean currents and large-scale atmospheric circulation, which result from the buoyancy of warm air and water, transfer hot air from the tropics toward the poles and cold air from the poles toward the tropics. The Earth’s rotation interacts with those flows, causing the observed eastward flow of air in the temperate zones. Convection dominates heat transfer by air, and the amount of available space for the airflow...
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Joule-Thomson Effect01:21

Joule-Thomson Effect

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The Joule-Thomson effect, also known as the Joule-Kelvin effect, describes the temperature change of a fluid when it is forced through a valve or porous plug while keeping it in a thermally insulated environment. This experiment is called a throttling process. This is an important effect widely used in refrigeration and the liquefaction of gases.
This experiment forces high-pressure gas through a throttle valve or a porous plug to a lower-pressure region. The gas expands as it passes through to...
11.7K
Mechanisms of Heat Transfer01:14

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer

1.9K
Heat transfer between the human body and its environment occurs through four main mechanisms: conduction, convection, radiation, and evaporation.
Conduction, accounting for approximately 3% of body heat loss at rest, is the process of exchanging heat between molecules of two materials in direct contact. This can result in both heat loss and gain. For instance, when the body is submerged in water, which conducts heat 20 times more effectively than air, it can either lose or gain significant...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

Pool-Boiling Heat-Transfer Enhancement on Cylindrical Surfaces with Hybrid Wettable Patterns
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Bistable heat transfer in a nanofluid.

Gea Donzelli1, Roberto Cerbino, Alberto Vailati

  • 1CNISM and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy.

Physical Review Letters
|April 28, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Adding nanoparticles to water can suppress heat convection. However, this method is ineffective for sudden heating from below, leading to unexpected oscillatory convection and bistable heat transfer above a critical threshold.

Area of Science:

  • Fluid Dynamics
  • Nanotechnology
  • Heat Transfer

Background:

  • Nanoparticles can suppress heat convection in fluids.
  • Effective suppression depends on heating conditions and nanoparticle distribution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the effectiveness of nanoparticle-enhanced heat convection suppression under sudden bottom heating.
  • Characterize the transition from transient to permanent convection and heat transfer behavior.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental study of water suspensions with thermophilic nanoparticles.
  • Varying nanoparticle concentration and heating rates.
  • Analysis of convection dynamics using Rayleigh numbers (Ra).

Main Results:

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Uncoupling Coriolis Force and Rotating Buoyancy Effects on Full-Field Heat Transfer Properties of a Rotating Channel
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Uncoupling Coriolis Force and Rotating Buoyancy Effects on Full-Field Heat Transfer Properties of a Rotating Channel

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  • Nanoparticle suppression is ineffective for sudden bottom heating with uniform concentration.
  • Transient oscillatory convection observed below a critical Rayleigh number (Ra*).
  • Divergence in convection duration at Ra*; permanent convection and bistable heat transfer observed above Ra*.

    • Conclusions:

    • Uniform nanoparticle distribution does not effectively suppress heat convection under sudden bottom heating.
    • Observed phenomena, including divergent convection duration and bistability, require further theoretical explanation.