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Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Microscopic Visualization of Porous Nanographenes Synthesized through a Combination of Solution and On-Surface Chemistry

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Pathway for the transformation from highly oriented pyrolytic graphite into amorphous diamond.

Keisuke Niwase¹, Kazutaka G Nakamura, Manabu Yokoo

¹Hyogo University of Teacher Education, Kato, Hyogo 673-1494, Japan.

Physical Review Letters

|April 28, 2009

Summary

Researchers discovered a new method to convert graphite foils into amorphous diamond platelets using neutron irradiation, shock compression, and rapid quenching. This process yields transparent, photoluminescent materials without a diamond Raman peak.

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Solid State Physics
Nanotechnology

Background:

Highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) is a well-studied carbon allotrope.
Amorphous diamond, particularly synthesized from C60 fullerene, exhibits unique optical properties.
Controlled transformation of carbon materials is crucial for advanced applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To report a novel pathway for transforming graphite into amorphous diamond.
To characterize the resulting amorphous diamond platelets.
To understand the mechanism behind the transformation.

Main Methods:

Neutron irradiation of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite foils.
Application of shock compression to the irradiated graphite.
Rapid quenching of the compressed material.

Main Results:

Successful synthesis of transparent amorphous diamond platelets.
Observed photoluminescence in the synthesized platelets.
Absence of a characteristic diamond Raman peak, similar to C60-derived amorphous diamond.
Hypothesized role of Wigner defects in diamond nucleation.

Conclusions:

A three-stage process (neutron irradiation, shock compression, rapid quenching) enables graphite to amorphous diamond transformation.
Wigner defects generated during irradiation are key for diamond nucleation under shock compression.
Rapid quenching effectively suppresses excessive growth, yielding amorphous diamond structures.