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Ferromagnetism

Ferromagnetism

Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...

Colors and Magnetism

Colors and Magnetism

Color in Coordination Complexes
When atoms or molecules absorb light at the proper frequency, their electrons are excited to higher-energy orbitals. For many main group atoms and molecules, the absorbed photons are in the ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic spectrum, which cannot be detected by the human eye. For coordination compounds, the energy difference between the d orbitals often allows photons in the visible range to be absorbed and emitted, which is seen as colors by the human eye.

Diamagnetism

Diamagnetism

Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
Diamagnetism was discovered by Anton Brugmans in 1778 when he observed that bismuth gets repelled by magnetic fields, thus theorizing that diamagnets get repelled by magnets.

Paramagnetism

Paramagnetism

Paramagnets are materials with unpaired electrons that possess a finite magnetic moment. In the absence of a magnetic field, these moments are randomly oriented, and thus the net moment is zero. Under an external field, a torque acting on the moments tends to align them along the field's direction. However, the random thermal motion of electrons produces a torque opposite to the external field and tries to disorient the moments. These two competing effects align only a few moments along the...

Valence Bond Theory

Valence Bond Theory

Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...

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Engineering multiferroism in CaMnO3.

Satadeep Bhattacharjee¹, Eric Bousquet, Philippe Ghosez

¹Physique Théorique des Matériaux, Université de Liège (B5), B-4000 Sart Tilman, Belgium.

Physical Review Letters

|April 28, 2009

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Calcium manganate (CaMnO3) has a weak ferroelectric instability, suppressed by its antiferrodistortive motions. Strain or chemical changes can enable multiferroic properties in CaMnO3, driven by manganese (Mn).

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Area of Science:

Solid State Physics
Materials Science
Crystallography

Background:

Calcium manganate (CaMnO3) exhibits structural instabilities.
Its ground state is orthorhombic due to strong antiferrodistortive (AFD) instability.
The cubic perovskite structure presents a weak ferroelectric (FE) instability.

Purpose of the Study:

Investigate structural instabilities in CaMnO3 from first principles.
Explore methods to induce ferroelectricity and multiferroicity in CaMnO3.
Determine the cation responsible for the ferroelectric instability.

Main Methods:

First-principles calculations.
Analysis of structural instabilities (antiferrodistortive and ferroelectric).
Theoretical investigation of strain and chemical engineering effects.

Main Results:

CaMnO3 possesses both strong antiferrodistortive and weak ferroelectric instabilities.
Ferroelectricity is suppressed by antiferrodistortive motions.
Strain or chemical modifications can favor ferroelectricity, leading to multiferroic CaMnO3.
The ferroelectric instability is dominated by the manganese (Mn) cation.

Conclusions:

Ferroelectricity and magnetism are not mutually exclusive.
The same cation (Mn) can drive both ferroelectric and magnetic properties.
CaMnO3 can be engineered to become a multiferroic material.