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Related Concept Videos

Surface Tension and Surface Energy01:16

Surface Tension and Surface Energy

When a paint brush is immersed in water, the bristles wave freely inside the water. When it is taken out, the bristles stick together. The reason behind this effect is surface tension.
Consider a beaker filled with liquid. The bulk molecules in the liquid experience equal attractive forces on all sides with the surrounding molecules. However, the surface molecules experience a net attractive force downward due to the bulk molecules. The surface of the liquid behaves like a stretched membrane,...
Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
Surface Tension01:24

Surface Tension

Surface tension is defined as the force per unit length (γ) acting along the surface of a liquid. It arises due to strong intermolecular forces of attraction. A molecule located inside the bulk of the liquid is surrounded by other molecules and experiences equal forces in all directions. However, a molecule at the surface experiences unbalanced forces because there are more neighboring molecules below than above. This creates a net inward force that pulls surface molecules toward the interior,...
Surface Tension, Capillary Action, and Viscosity02:57

Surface Tension, Capillary Action, and Viscosity

Surface Tension
The various IMFs between identical molecules of a substance are examples of cohesive forces. The molecules within a liquid are surrounded by other molecules and are attracted equally in all directions by the cohesive forces within the liquid. However, the molecules on the surface of a liquid are attracted only by about one-half as many molecules. Because of the unbalanced molecular attractions on the surface molecules, liquids contract to form a shape that minimizes the number...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Fabrication of Superhydrophobic Metal Surfaces for Anti-Icing Applications
11:20

Fabrication of Superhydrophobic Metal Surfaces for Anti-Icing Applications

Published on: August 15, 2018

Observation of surface self-diffusion on ice.

S Nie1, N C Bartelt, K Thürmer

  • 1Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94550, USA.

Physical Review Letters
|April 28, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Surface diffusion significantly impacts ice surface morphology at low temperatures. This study quantifies ice surface diffusion on platinum, revealing a lower activation energy than bulk diffusion.

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Determining the Ice-binding Planes of Antifreeze Proteins by Fluorescence-based Ice Plane Affinity

Published on: January 15, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Surface science
  • Low-temperature physics
  • Materials science

Background:

  • Understanding ice surface morphology is crucial for various scientific fields.
  • Previous studies suggested higher temperature regimes dominate ice evolution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of surface diffusion in shaping ice surface morphology.
  • To quantify the surface self-diffusion coefficient of 2D ice islands.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) to observe 2D ice-island arrays.
  • Studied ice films on a Platinum(111) surface.
  • Conducted experiments within a temperature range of 115-135 K.

Main Results:

  • Observed that surface diffusion dominates ice morphology evolution at these temperatures.
  • Determined the surface self-diffusion coefficient.
  • Calculated an activation energy of 0.4+/-0.1 eV for surface diffusion.

Conclusions:

  • Surface diffusion plays a critical role in ice morphology at low temperatures.
  • The activation energy for surface diffusion is significantly lower than that for bulk diffusion.