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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis. This...
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Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Overview01:20

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Atomic emission spectroscopy (AES) is an analytical technique used to determine the elemental composition of a sample by analyzing the light emitted from excited atoms. In AES, atoms in a sample are excited to higher energy levels by thermal energy from high-temperature sources, such as plasma, arcs, or sparks. When these excited atoms return to lower energy states, they emit light at specific wavelengths characteristic of each element. The resulting atomic emission spectrum, which consists of...
Atomic Nuclei: Larmor Precession Frequency01:11

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The earth's gravitational field produces a 'twisting force' perpendicular to the angular momentum of a spinning mass (such as a spinning top) that causes the mass to 'wobble' around the gravitational field axis in a phenomenon called precession. Similarly, the magnetic moment (μ) of a spinning nucleus precesses due to an external magnetic field directed along the z-axis. The precession of the magnetic moment vector about the magnetic field is called Larmor precession, and the angular frequency...
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NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of one, the...
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The divergence of a vector is a measure of how much the vector spreads out (diverges) from a point. For example, an electric field vector diverges from the positive charge and converges at the negative charge. The divergence of an electric field is derived using Gauss's law and is equal to the charge density divided by the permittivity of space. Mathematically, it is expressed as

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Direct Imaging of Laser-driven Ultrafast Molecular Rotation
10:52

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Published on: February 4, 2017

Origin, evolution, and imaging of vortices in atomic processes.

J H Macek1, J B Sternberg, S Y Ovchinnikov

  • 1Department of Physics, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA.

Physical Review Letters
|April 28, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Researchers discovered atomic-scale vortices in a fundamental quantum system of one electron and two protons. Novel simulations revealed new angular momentum transfer mechanisms and imaging techniques for these quantum vortices.

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum mechanics
  • Atomic physics

Background:

  • Vortices are typically observed in large particle systems.
  • Atomic-scale vortices are of interest in superfluids and quantum condensates.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate quantized vortices in a fundamental quantum system.
  • To explore novel mechanisms of angular momentum transfer.
  • To develop new methods for imaging atomic-scale vortices.

Main Methods:

  • Simulations of a one-electron, two-proton quantum system.
  • Analysis of system dynamics and angular momentum transfer.

Main Results:

  • Identified atomic-scale quantized vortices in a fundamental quantum system.
  • Uncovered previously unknown mechanisms of angular momentum transfer.
  • Developed new methods for imaging atomic-scale vortices at macroscopic distances.

Conclusions:

  • Atomic-scale vortices can exist in fundamental quantum systems.
  • Simulations provide insights into vortex dynamics and angular momentum transfer.
  • New imaging techniques enable macroscopic observation of quantum phenomena.