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Related Concept Videos

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease01:25

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is the backward flow of stomach contents (acid, pepsin, or bile) into the esophagus, causing mucosal inflammation known as esophagitis. It results from failure of antireflux mechanisms, mainly the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), influenced by mechanical and physiological factors.Etiology and Risk FactorsGERD develops when LES function is weakened or when intra-abdominal pressure increases. Risk factors include aging, obesity, and sliding hiatal hernia,...
Esophageal Strictures-I: Introduction01:30

Esophageal Strictures-I: Introduction

Esophageal strictures involve abnormal narrowing or tightening of the esophagus. They vary in length and severity, ranging from mild constriction to complete obstruction, and are classified as benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous).
Etiology
The primary cause of esophageal strictures is long-standing gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), accounting for about 70 to 80% of adult cases. Chronic acid reflux can lead to injury and scarring of the esophageal lining, culminating in...
Barrett Esophagus-II: Clinical Manifestations and Management01:21

Barrett Esophagus-II: Clinical Manifestations and Management

Individuals with Barrett's esophagus are often asymptomatic, but they may experience symptoms commonly associated with GERD, such as heartburn and acid regurgitation. Additional symptoms can include difficulty swallowing, chest pain, unintentional weight loss, blood in the stool (which may appear black, tarry, or bloody), and episodes of vomiting.
To diagnose Barrett's esophagus, healthcare providers often recommend an endoscopy for those showing symptoms of acid reflux. The procedure entails...
Barrett Esophagus-I: Introduction01:21

Barrett Esophagus-I: Introduction

Barrett's esophagus is a medical condition where the esophageal mucosa is significantly damaged by stomach acid or other digestive fluids, often due to long-term exposure associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). In GERD, a weakened or abnormally relaxed lower esophageal sphincter allows stomach acid to flow persistently into the esophagus.
This constant acid exposure transforms the esophagus's pink mucosal lining (stratified squamous epithelium) into a type of lining more similar...
Other Disorders of Digestive System01:30

Other Disorders of Digestive System

The gastrointestinal tract is susceptible to various disorders. If the lower esophageal sphincter is damaged, stomach acid can flow back into the esophagus, causing irritation and inflammation of the lining. This condition is called gastroesophageal reflux disease (known as heartburn) and may cause chest pain and difficulty swallowing. In the stomach, prolonged use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs like aspirin, chronic alcohol consumption, bacterial infections such as Helicobacter...
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease I: Meaning and Pathophysiology01:29

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease I: Meaning and Pathophysiology

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) involves the recurrent backflow of the stomach or duodenal contents into the esophagus, leading to troublesome symptoms and potential esophageal mucosal damage. Although GERD is often referred to as a disease, it is more accurately described as a syndrome, as it encompasses a range of symptoms and complications rather than a singular pathological entity, impacting a large number of individuals as the most prevalent upper gastrointestinal problem. Roughly...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Three-Dimensional Cell Culture Models to Investigate the Epithelial Barrier in Eosinophilic Esophagitis
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Drug-induced esophagitis.

G N Zografos1, D Georgiadou, D Thomas

  • 1Department of Sugery, Athens General Hospital, Athens, Greece.

Diseases of the Esophagus : Official Journal of the International Society for Diseases of the Esophagus
|April 28, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Drug-induced esophagitis, a growing concern, involves over 650 reported cases from 30+ medications. Classification reveals transient, reflux-aggravated, and persistent forms, guiding diagnosis and prevention of esophageal injury.

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Last Updated: Jun 23, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology
  • Pharmacology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Drug-induced esophagitis is increasingly recognized, with over 650 global cases reported since 1970.
  • Medications can cause esophageal injury, often at sites of anatomical narrowing, predominantly the mid-esophagus.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To classify drug-induced esophagitis based on underlying pathological mechanisms.
  • To review reported cases and identify distinct clinical and pathological entities.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of worldwide reported cases of drug-induced esophagitis.
  • Classification of esophageal injury based on causative agents and pathological mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Drug-induced esophageal injury predominantly occurs in the mid-esophagus (75.6%).
  • Two main categories identified: transient (e.g., tetracyclines, 65.8%) and persistent esophagitis.
  • Persistent forms include reflux-aggravated NSAID injury (21.8%) and direct persistent injury (potassium chloride, quinidine sulfate, 12.4%).
  • Severe injury reported with bisphosphonates for osteoporosis; endoscopic findings show chemical esophagitis with erosions/ulcerations.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate diagnosis and avoidance of causative medications are crucial for managing drug-induced esophagitis.
  • Most cases resolve spontaneously upon drug discontinuation.
  • Understanding pathological mechanisms aids in classifying and treating this condition.