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Related Concept Videos

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:31

The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune system...
Autophagic Cell Death01:18

Autophagic Cell Death

Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
Autophagy and Apoptosis
Autophagy can activate apoptosis. In normal conditions, the autophagy activating protein Beclin-1 and pro-apoptotic...
Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells01:17

Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells

Cells undergoing apoptosis form apoptotic bodies that must be removed immediately to prevent inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and necrosis. Phagocytosis is carried out by professional phagocytes such as macrophages or  immature dendritic cells. Non-professional phagocytes such as  epithelial cells and fibroblasts also take part in this process; however, they are not as effective as professional phagocytes. 
Normal cells contain receptors that prevent them from being recognized by phagocytes.
Gastritis-II: Pathophysiology01:17

Gastritis-II: Pathophysiology

Gastritis is marked by disruption of the mucosal barrier that usually protects the stomach tissue from digestive juices and manifests in acute and chronic forms.
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Flow Cytometry-Based Quantification and Analysis of Myocardial B-Cells
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Are autoantibodies triggering endothelial cell apoptosis really pathogenic?

Gabriel J Tobón1, Jean-Eric Alard, Pierre Youinou

  • 1Université Européenne de Bretagne, France.

Autoimmunity Reviews
|April 28, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Anti-endothelial cell (EC) antibodies (AECA) can induce EC apoptosis, a process involving phosphatidylserine translocation and caspase activation. This cell death may trigger inflammatory responses, with Heat Shock Proteins potentially being a key target.

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Antibody Transfection into Neurons as a Tool to Study Disease Pathogenesis
06:56

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Published on: September 26, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Vascular Biology

Background:

  • Anti-endothelial cell (EC) antibodies (AECA) are a diverse group targeting EC membrane proteins.
  • The pathogenic role of AECA in vascular diseases is not fully established.
  • EC apoptosis is a potential mechanism for AECA pathogenicity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of AECA in inducing EC apoptosis.
  • To identify mechanisms and potential targets of AECA-mediated EC apoptosis.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of AECA effects on ECs.
  • Detection of phosphatidylserine translocation.
  • Assay for caspase 3 activation and PARP cleavage.

Main Results:

  • AECA from some patients induce EC apoptosis.
  • This process involves phosphatidylserine externalization.
  • Caspase 3 activation and PARP cleavage are observed.
  • Apoptotic cell death generates moieties that may induce inflammation.

Conclusions:

  • AECA can induce EC apoptosis through specific molecular pathways.
  • Heat Shock Proteins are suggested as a potential AECA target.
  • Further research is needed to confirm AECA's role and targets in vascular diseases.