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Related Concept Videos

Dementia01:30

Dementia

Dementia is a collective term for cognitive disorders primarily affecting memory, thinking, and reasoning. It is not a specific disease but a syndrome, with Alzheimer's disease being the most common cause, accounting for approximately 60-80% of cases. Other types include vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia, and frontotemporal dementia. Dementia affects millions worldwide, particularly older adults, though it is not a normal part of aging.
The progression of dementia is generally gradual.
Dementia l: Introduction01:22

Dementia l: Introduction

Dementia is an acquired, progressive syndrome characterized by a decline in multiple cognitive domains severe enough to impair daily functioning and reduce independence. Although memory loss is a central feature, the diagnosis requires additional deficits involving language, executive function, visuospatial skills, judgment, calculation, or abstract reasoning. These cognitive impairments reflect underlying neurodegenerative or vascular processes that gradually disrupt neuronal networks...
Alzheimer's Disease: Overview01:26

Alzheimer's Disease: Overview

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a continually advancing neurodegenerative disorder, distinguished by escalating memory loss, cognitive dysfunction, and dementia. The disease unfolds in three stages: preclinical, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and dementia. Its onset is insidious, and the progression gradual, with the cause not well explained by other disorders.
The clinical diagnosis of AD hinges on the presence of memory and other cognitive impairments. Biomarkers, such as changes in Aβ and tau...
Alzheimer Disease l: Introduction01:29

Alzheimer Disease l: Introduction

Alzheimer disease is a chronic, progressive, and irreversible neurodegenerative disorder and the most common cause of dementia in older adults. It leads to gradual neuronal loss, causing cognitive decline, behavioral changes, and loss of functional independence.Risk Factors and EtiologyThe disease is multifactorial. Age is the strongest risk factor, with prevalence doubling every 5 years after age 65. Genetic factors include mutations in genes such as APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2, which are associated...
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Alzheimer's Disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disorder, is pathologically identified by amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles composed of tau protein. AD pharmacotherapy aims to manage cognitive symptoms, delay disease progression, and treat behavioral symptoms. The treatment is primarily symptomatic and palliative, with no definitive disease-modifying therapy available. Cholinesterase inhibitors, including donepezil (Aricept), rivastigmine (Exelon), and galantamine (Razadyne), are...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

The 4 Mountains Test: A Short Test of Spatial Memory with High Sensitivity for the Diagnosis of Pre-dementia Alzheimer's Disease
06:23

The 4 Mountains Test: A Short Test of Spatial Memory with High Sensitivity for the Diagnosis of Pre-dementia Alzheimer's Disease

Published on: October 13, 2016

Diagnostic tools for dementia.

Catherine F Hatfield1, Robert B Dudas, Tom Dening

  • 1Cambridgeshire & Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Box 311, Fulbourn Hospital, Cambridge CB215EF, UK.

Maturitas
|April 28, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

As dementia prevalence rises with an aging population, clinicians need tools to assess cognitive impairment. This review covers common assessment instruments for cognition, behavior, and function in dementia patients.

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Last Updated: Jun 23, 2026

The 4 Mountains Test: A Short Test of Spatial Memory with High Sensitivity for the Diagnosis of Pre-dementia Alzheimer's Disease
06:23

The 4 Mountains Test: A Short Test of Spatial Memory with High Sensitivity for the Diagnosis of Pre-dementia Alzheimer's Disease

Published on: October 13, 2016

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Published on: November 23, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Gerontology
  • Neurology
  • Clinical Medicine

Background:

  • Population aging is increasing dementia prevalence globally.
  • Early and accurate assessment of cognitive impairment is crucial for patient management.
  • Clinicians require accessible tools for evaluating dementia.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review commonly used assessment tools for cognitive impairment and dementia.
  • To categorize instruments for assessing cognition, behavior, and function.
  • To guide clinicians in selecting practical assessment methods.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of dementia assessment tools.
  • Categorization of instruments into screening tests, neuropsychological batteries, behavioral scales, and global assessments.
  • Synthesis of information on commonly used assessment scales.

Main Results:

  • Several categories of assessment tools exist for dementia evaluation.
  • Tools include brief screening tests, neuropsychological batteries, behavioral/psychiatric symptom scales, and functional/global assessments.
  • Familiarity with a few readily employable scales is recommended for clinicians.

Conclusions:

  • Cognitive testing is a key supplement to clinical diagnosis of dementia.
  • A range of validated instruments are available for assessing various aspects of dementia.
  • Clinicians should integrate practical assessment tools into routine practice for effective dementia care.