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Updated: Jun 23, 2026

SECONDs Administration Guidelines: A Fast Tool to Assess Consciousness in Brain-injured Patients

SECONDs Administration Guidelines: A Fast Tool to Assess Consciousness in Brain-injured Patients

Published on: February 6, 2021

Delirium and postoperative cognitive dysfunction after general anesthesia.

Beata Saniova¹, Michal Drobny, Miroslav Sulaj

¹Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Medicine, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Faculty Hospital in Martin, Slovak Republic. saniova@jfmed.uniba.sk

Medical Science Monitor : International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research

|April 28, 2009

Summary

General anesthesia can cause temporary cognitive decline, particularly in older adults. Prompt treatment can reverse these effects, improving patient outcomes after surgery.

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Last Updated: Jun 23, 2026

SECONDs Administration Guidelines: A Fast Tool to Assess Consciousness in Brain-injured Patients

SECONDs Administration Guidelines: A Fast Tool to Assess Consciousness in Brain-injured Patients

Published on: February 6, 2021

Area of Science:

Cognitive Neuroscience
Anesthesiology

Background:

General anesthesia induces reversible unconsciousness, analgesia, and muscle relaxation.
Anesthetic agents affect consciousness and brain mechanisms underlying cognitive function.
Postoperative cognitive dysfunction is a concern, especially in elderly patients.

Observation:

Two epilepsy patients undergoing surgery experienced distinct postoperative neurological complications.
One patient reported visual illusions and disorientation; the other exhibited a zombie-like delirium state.
Both patients improved following treatment with methylprednisolone, with additional medications used as needed.

Findings:

Anesthetic and adjuvant drugs target the brain, making age-related brain changes significant.
Postoperative cognitive decline, though suspected for years, generally has a favorable prognosis.
Transient oxidative nerve cell damage and neurotransmitter imbalances are implicated in cognitive dysfunction.

Implications:

Understanding anesthesia's impact on cognition is crucial for patient care.
Age-specific considerations are vital when administering general anesthesia.
Further research into preventing and managing postoperative cognitive dysfunction is warranted.