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Related Concept Videos

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder01:30

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects approximately 5-8% of children globally, with around 60-70% of cases persisting into adulthood. ADHD has significant implications for educational attainment, social interactions, and occupational success.
Diagnostic Criteria and Symptoms
To diagnose ADHD, symptoms must manifest before age 12 and be evident across multiple settings.
CNS Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamines and Cannabinoids01:24

CNS Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamines and Cannabinoids

CNS stimulants, such as cocaine, amphetamines, and cannabinoids, have varying structures and mechanisms of action that lead to different therapeutic effects and side effects. Cocaine, with its molecular formula C17H21NO4, is a tropane alkaloid and a tertiary amino compound. It has two chemical forms: the hydrochloride salt and the "freebase." The former is in powder form, while the latter involves removing the hydrochloride salt to create a form that can be smoked. Cocaine exerts its effects by...
Cognitive Enhancers: Cholinesterase Inhibitors and NMDA Receptor Antagonists01:30

Cognitive Enhancers: Cholinesterase Inhibitors and NMDA Receptor Antagonists

Cognitive enhancers, also known as "smart drugs," are substances used to enhance memory, mental alertness, and concentration. These can be natural or synthetic and improve cognition in conditions like Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative diseases. Some common examples include caffeine, amphetamines, methylphenidate, modafinil, arecoline, donepezil, vortioxetine, and piracetam. These enhancers work on the principle of synaptic plasticity and altered circuit function. They...
Adrenergic Agonists: Indirect-Acting Agents01:25

Adrenergic Agonists: Indirect-Acting Agents

Indirect-acting adrenergic agonists potentiate the effects of endogenous catecholamines through different mechanisms without directly binding to adrenoceptors.
One mechanism involves depleting stored catecholamines by displacing them from synaptic vesicles. These agents, known as "displacers," are transported into vesicles at the expense of noradrenaline. Examples include amphetamine and tyramine, which lack a catechol moiety, resulting in prolonged action, improved oral bioavailability, and...
Adrenergic Agonists: Therapeutic Uses01:30

Adrenergic Agonists: Therapeutic Uses

Adrenergic agonists have diverse therapeutic uses across various medical conditions and emergencies.
Emergency and Intensive Care Unit (ICU) applications: Pressor agents increase blood pressure, heart rate, and contractility in shock and organ failure situations. Dopamine can induce vasodilation and stimulate adrenoceptors. Endogenous catecholamines are effective in treating cardiogenic shock. α2-agonists like clonidine can reverse anesthesia-induced hypertension.
Allergies and anaphylaxis:...
Stimulants01:29

Stimulants

Stimulants are substances that enhance neural activity and elevate dopamine levels in the brain, leading to their highly addictive nature. These drugs include cocaine, amphetamines, MDMA, caffeine, and nicotine, each with distinct mechanisms of action and varied health implications.
Cocaine can be administered via snorting, injection, or smoking. It primarily functions by blocking the reuptake of dopamine, resulting in a euphoric high characterized by an intense sensation of happiness and...

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Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

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Mirtazapine versus paroxetine in panic disorder: an open study.

International journal of psychiatry in clinical practice·2014
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Response to methylphenidate by adult and pediatric patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: the Spanish multicenter DIHANA study.

Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment·2013
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[GEITDAH consensus on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder].

Revista de neurologia·2010
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[Swallowing phobia: symptoms, diagnosis and treatment].

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Event Related Potentials (ERPs) and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
10:02

Event Related Potentials (ERPs) and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Published on: March 12, 2020

[Drugs for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder].

F Montañés-Rada1, A B Gangoso-Fermoso, M A Martíínez-Granero

  • 1Servicio de Psiquiatría. Programa de TDAH, Alcorcon, Espana. fmontanes@fhalcorcon.es

Revista De Neurologia
|April 28, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Methylphenidate (MTF) and atomoxetine are effective ADHD treatments, with quantitative studies showing MTF

Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Neuroscience
  • Clinical Psychology

Context:

  • Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) treatment landscape in Spain.
  • Comparison of methylphenidate (MTF) and atomoxetine efficacy and safety.
  • Analysis of immediate-release MTF (IR-MTF) versus extended-release MTF (ER-MTF).

Purpose:

  • To compare the quantitative and qualitative differences between MTF and atomoxetine for ADHD.
  • To evaluate the Number Needed to Treat (NNT) and Effect Size (ES) for these medications.
  • To provide guidance on selecting appropriate ADHD pharmacotherapy based on patient characteristics and treatment goals.

Summary:

  • Quantitative studies reveal distinct efficacy profiles for MTF and atomoxetine in ADHD treatment, with MTF showing a Number Needed to Treat (NNT) of 2.2-5 and Effect Size (ES) of 0.9, while atomoxetine has an NNT of 4 and ES of 0.7.

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Using Brain Activation (nir-HEG/Q-EEG) and Execution Measures (CPTs) in a ADHD Assessment Protocol
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Using Brain Activation (nir-HEG/Q-EEG) and Execution Measures (CPTs) in a ADHD Assessment Protocol

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The Adventures of Fundi Intervention Based on the Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Patients
05:48

The Adventures of Fundi Intervention Based on the Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Patients

Published on: June 12, 2020

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Event Related Potentials (ERPs) and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
10:02

Event Related Potentials (ERPs) and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Published on: March 12, 2020

Using Brain Activation (nir-HEG/Q-EEG) and Execution Measures (CPTs) in a ADHD Assessment Protocol
13:09

Using Brain Activation (nir-HEG/Q-EEG) and Execution Measures (CPTs) in a ADHD Assessment Protocol

Published on: April 1, 2018

The Adventures of Fundi Intervention Based on the Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Patients
05:48

The Adventures of Fundi Intervention Based on the Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Patients

Published on: June 12, 2020

  • Immediate-release MTF (IR-MTF) offers cost-effectiveness and flexibility, whereas extended-release MTF (ER-MTF) presents a lower risk of abuse and simplified administration.
  • Treatment strategies include combining or switching between IR-MTF and ER-MTF, or combining MTF with atomoxetine, to optimize dosage and manage adverse events, particularly in cases of comorbid anxiety or substance abuse risk.

    • Impact:

    • Informs clinical decision-making for ADHD pharmacotherapy in Spain.
    • Highlights the importance of considering individual patient factors, such as comorbid conditions and risk of substance abuse, when selecting ADHD medications.
    • Provides evidence-based recommendations for optimizing treatment outcomes and minimizing adverse effects in ADHD management.