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Related Concept Videos

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra01:19

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra

The lower urinary system consists of the urinary bladder and urethra, which are essential in storing and expelling urine from the body. Together with the internal and external sphincters, these structures work together to regulate urination effectively.Anatomy of the BladderThe urinary bladder is a muscular, stretchable organ behind the pubic bone and in front of the rectum. In females, the bladder is positioned anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus, while in males, it is located...
Urinary Bladder01:23

Urinary Bladder

The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular sac that temporarily stores urine before it is expelled from the body. It can hold approximately 600 mL of urine prior to micturition. The bladder is retroperitoneal and located behind the pubic symphysis in the pelvic floor.
In males, the bladder is situated in front of the rectum, while in females, it is positioned anterior to the vagina and uterus. The bladder floor contains an inverted triangular area called the trigone, defined by the two ureteric...
Muscles of the Pelvic Floor and Perineum01:26

Muscles of the Pelvic Floor and Perineum

The muscles of the pelvic floor and perineum are crucial for supporting the pelvic organs, controlling continence, and aiding in sexual function, childbirth, and core stability. They are typically divided into the superficial perineal layer and the deep pelvic floor layer.
Perineal Layer
The perineum is a diamond-shaped area below the pelvic diaphragm, divided into an anterior urogenital triangle that contains the external genitals and a posterior anal triangle housing the anus. The urogenital...
The Micturition Reflex01:26

The Micturition Reflex

Urination, or micturition involves the coordination of the bladder's detrusor muscle and two sphincters to ensure controlled bladder emptying.
The process begins with bladder filling, where the bladder wall stretches as urine accumulates. This stretching activates the urine storage reflex, mediated by the sacral spinal segments and the pontine storage center. Efferent sympathetic impulses stimulate the detrusor muscle to relax and the internal urethral sphincter to contract, facilitating urine...
Microbiota of the Urogenital Tract01:28

Microbiota of the Urogenital Tract

The human urogenital system, once thought to be sterile in healthy individuals, is now recognized as a complex microbial habitat. Advancements in molecular sequencing techniques have revealed that even in healthy adults, the kidneys and bladder harbor microbial populations similar to those found in the distal urethra, albeit in much lower abundance. These resident microorganisms, while generally innocuous, can become opportunistic pathogens under conditions that alter the urogenital...
Nursing Assessment of the Genitourinary System II: Inspection and Palpation01:26

Nursing Assessment of the Genitourinary System II: Inspection and Palpation

The nursing assessment of the genitourinary (GU) system involves a systematic inspection and palpation to identify abnormalities in the kidneys, bladder, and surrounding structures.InspectionMouth: Inspect for signs of kidney dysfunction, such as stomatitis (inflammation of the mouth) and ammonia breath, which may occur in advanced kidney disease due to the buildup of urea, breaking down into ammonia.Skin: Check for pallor, which could indicate anemia caused by kidney disease. Look for...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Detrusor Underactivity Model in Rats by Conus Medullaris Transection
03:26

Detrusor Underactivity Model in Rats by Conus Medullaris Transection

Published on: August 28, 2020

Does avulsion of the puborectalis muscle affect bladder function?

H P Dietz1, A Kirby, K L Shek

  • 1Nepean Clinical School, Nepean Hospital, University of Sydney, Penrith, NSW 2750, Australia. hpdietz@bigpond.com

International Urogynecology Journal and Pelvic Floor Dysfunction
|April 29, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Puborectalis muscle avulsion is not linked to increased stress urinary incontinence (SUI) or urodynamic stress incontinence (USI). This finding challenges the assumption that levator ani muscle damage causes these common bladder dysfunction issues.

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Quantification of Levator Ani Hiatus Enlargement by Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Males and Females with Pelvic Organ Prolapse
07:41

Quantification of Levator Ani Hiatus Enlargement by Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Males and Females with Pelvic Organ Prolapse

Published on: April 17, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Detrusor Underactivity Model in Rats by Conus Medullaris Transection
03:26

Detrusor Underactivity Model in Rats by Conus Medullaris Transection

Published on: August 28, 2020

Quantification of Levator Ani Hiatus Enlargement by Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Males and Females with Pelvic Organ Prolapse
07:41

Quantification of Levator Ani Hiatus Enlargement by Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Males and Females with Pelvic Organ Prolapse

Published on: April 17, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Urogynecology
  • Pelvic Floor Disorders
  • Female Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms

Background:

  • The levator ani muscle is traditionally implicated in urinary continence.
  • Urinary incontinence is often presumed to result from abnormal muscle function or morphology.
  • The specific role of puborectalis muscle avulsion in bladder dysfunction requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between puborectalis muscle avulsion and symptoms or signs of bladder dysfunction.
  • To determine if puborectalis muscle trauma increases the risk of stress urinary incontinence (SUI) or urodynamic stress incontinence (USI).

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective observational study of 425 women attending a urogynecological unit.
  • Data collected via independent flowmetry, multichannel urodynamic testing, and 4D pelvic floor ultrasound.
  • Analysis of puborectalis muscle avulsion in relation to SUI, USI, prolapse symptoms, and voiding dysfunction.

Main Results:

  • 25% of women (104 out of 420) were diagnosed with puborectalis muscle avulsion.
  • Women with avulsion were less likely to have SUI (P < 0.001) and USI (P = 0.065).
  • Avulsion was associated with increased prolapse symptoms (P < 0.001) and signs of voiding dysfunction (P = 0.005).

Conclusions:

  • Puborectalis muscle trauma is not associated with an increased risk of SUI or USI in a urogynecological population.
  • This finding holds true even when controlling for prolapse symptoms, signs, and previous surgery.
  • The study suggests a dissociation between puborectalis muscle avulsion and stress incontinence.