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Cranial Nerves: Types Part I

Cranial Nerves: Types Part I

Cranial nerves are responsible for transmitting motor and sensory information between the brain and various parts of the body. There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves, with the first six being essential in sensory perception, motor control, and autonomic functions related to the head and neck.
Olfactory Nerve (Cranial Nerve I)
The olfactory nerve, or cranial nerve I, is unique as it is purely sensory and dedicated to the sense of smell. This nerve originates in the olfactory epithelium of the...

Cranial Nerves: Types Part II

Cranial Nerves: Types Part II

Cranial nerves are responsible for transmitting motor and sensory information between the brain and various parts of the body. There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves. While the first six innervate the head and neck, the latter six nerves innervate the head and neck, as well as organs and tissues in the thoracic and abdominal cavities. They facilitate communication, expression, and autonomic control within the human body.
Facial Nerve (Cranial Nerve VII)
Cranial nerve VII, or the facial nerve,...

Spinal Nerves: Plexus I

Spinal Nerves: Plexus I

Nerve plexuses are networks of interlacing nerves that serve as communication hubs to distribute and organize nerve action across various body regions. The nerve plexuses are organized into the cervical plexus located in the neck region, brachial plexus in the shoulder area, lumbar plexus found in the lower back, sacral plexus situated in the pelvis, and coccygeal plexus located in the coccygeal region.
The Cervical Plexus
The cervical plexus, formed by the anterior rami of the first four...

Cranial Nerves: Overview and Anatomy

Cranial Nerves: Overview and Anatomy

The cranial nerves are an important part of the complex network of nerves in the human body. These nerves emerge directly from the brain and are responsible for transmitting essential information between the brain and various parts of the head and neck. There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves, systematically numbered using Roman numerals from I to XII, beginning from the anterior and moving to the posterior of the brain. Each cranial nerve is uniquely identified by names that reflect its function...

Muscles that Move the Head

Muscles that Move the Head

The muscles that move the head are a dynamic and complex group of structures that work together to facilitate a wide range of head movements, including rotation, flexion, extension, and lateral bending.
The bilateral sternocleidomastoid, or SCM, and the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles are significant head flexors. The SCM muscles originate at the sternum and clavicle and attach to the mastoid process of the temporal bone. The SCM contracts bilaterally to bend the head forward, whereas...

Muscles of the Anterior Neck

Muscles of the Anterior Neck

The anterior neck muscles are the group of muscles covering the front part of the neck. These muscles are classified into three subgroups. The first one is the superficial muscles, the most visible muscles in the front of the neck. It includes the platysma and sternocleidomastoid. The second group is the suprahyoid muscles, located above the hyoid bone. This group comprises the digastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid, and stylohyoid. Lastly, the infrahyoid muscles are found below the hyoid bone and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Modified Radical Neck Dissection for Cervical Metastasis

Modified Radical Neck Dissection for Cervical Metastasis

Published on: February 20, 2026

Accessory nerve function after level 2b-preserving selective neck dissection.

Bilge Celik¹, Hakan Coskun, Ferda F Kumas

¹Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Uludag School of Medicine, Bursa/Turkey.

|April 29, 2009

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Preserving level 2b during selective neck dissection maintains shoulder function and improves accessory nerve outcomes. This technique reduces trauma, leading to better functional results for patients with laryngeal cancer.

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Area of Science:

Oncology
Neurosurgery
Head and Neck Surgery

Background:

Selective neck dissection (SND) is a critical procedure for laryngeal cancer treatment.
Accessory nerve injury can lead to significant functional deficits.
Level 2b-preserving SND aims to minimize accessory nerve trauma.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the functional outcomes of accessory nerve function after level 2b-preserving selective neck dissection.
To assess the relationship between this surgical approach and patient mobility and strength.

Main Methods:

Prospective study of 30 patients (41 neck dissections) with laryngeal cancer.
Evaluated neck/shoulder movements, muscle strength, and electroneuromyography (ENMG) preoperatively and at 21 days and 6 months postoperatively.
Pathological findings were also assessed at 6 months.

Main Results:

Shoulder movements and muscle strength were preserved in all patients.
Neck extension, rotation, and flexion strength showed some restriction.
ENMG indicated moderate early postoperative effects with slight improvement over time.
No cases of shoulder syndrome or adhesive capsulitis were observed.

Conclusions:

Level 2b-preserving selective neck dissection effectively minimizes accessory nerve trauma.
This approach leads to improved functional outcomes and preserved shoulder function.
It represents a beneficial modification for laryngeal cancer neck dissection.