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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Unravelling the Function of a Bacterial Effector from a Non-cultivable Plant Pathogen Using a Yeast Two-hybrid Screen

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Published on: January 20, 2017

Fungal effector proteins.

Ioannis Stergiopoulos¹, Pierre J G M de Wit

¹Wageningen University and Research Center ( http://www.php.wur.nl/uk ), Laboratory of Phytopathology, 6709 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands. ioannis.stergiopoulos@wur.nl

Annual Review of Phytopathology

|April 30, 2009

Summary

Fungal avirulence genes produce effectors that help fungi infect plants. Plant resistance proteins recognize these effectors, influencing fungal evolution and adaptation strategies.

Area of Science:

Plant Pathology
Fungal Genetics
Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions

Background:

Fungal avirulence genes encode secreted effector proteins crucial for virulence.
Effectors are recognized by plant resistance proteins, triggering plant defense responses.
Examples like Avr2 and Avr4 highlight effector functions in pathogen evasion.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore the evolutionary pressures shaping fungal effector diversity.
To understand the relationship between effector-resistance protein interaction and evolutionary mechanisms.
To investigate effector uptake mechanisms into host plant cells.

Main Methods:

Analysis of fungal effector gene sequences and protein structures.
Comparative genomics to identify patterns of selection.

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Literature review on known effector functions and plant resistance mechanisms.

Main Results:

Fungal effectors exhibit variation driven by selection pressures.
Direct effector-resistance protein interactions favor point mutations.
Indirect interactions favor gene deletion or loss.

Conclusions:

Fungal effector evolution is shaped by the mode of interaction with plant resistance proteins.
Understanding these mechanisms is key to developing durable crop resistance.
Further research is needed to elucidate effector uptake pathways into plant cells.