Personality in advanced old age: continuity or change?

A longitudinal study of elderly persons found evidence of personality development even in advanced old age. Five traits, similar to traits found in younger persons, were identified. Although considerable continuity was found, change also was apparent. An increase in agreeableness was observed for the old-old, bringing their scores up to the level maintained by the oldest-old. Two traits were stable: satisfaction (65% did not change reliably) and intellect (63% did not change reliably). A decline in extraversion occurred in both age groups. Energetic, in which 40% declined, may be more affected than the other traits by external, environmental circumstances. The study confirms the findings of longitudinal studies of children and younger adults and extends them into the final stages of life.