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Asthma I: Introduction

Asthma I: Introduction

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways characterized by variable airflow obstruction and heightened bronchial responsiveness to a wide range of triggers. The underlying inflammation leads to airway swelling, mucus hypersecretion, and smooth muscle constriction, all of which narrow the airway lumen and impede airflow. Clinically, asthma presents with recurrent episodes of wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing, symptoms that typically vary in intensity and...

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Besides the pressure difference between the external environment and the lungs, the airflow rate and ease of pulmonary ventilation are also influenced by three other factors: surface tension of the fluid in the alveoli, compliance of the lungs, and airway resistance.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Methods for Detecting Cough and Airway Inflammation in Mice

Methods for Detecting Cough and Airway Inflammation in Mice

Published on: August 2, 2024

[Airways inflammation evaluation. Upper and lower airways].

Luísa Geraldes¹, Ana Todo-Bom, Carlos Loureiro

¹Serviço de Imunoalergologia, Departamento de Ciências Pneumológicas e Alergológicas dos Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra.

Revista Portuguesa De Pneumologia

|April 30, 2009

Summary

This review examines methods for evaluating upper airway and bronchial inflammation in conditions like asthma and COPD. Non-invasive techniques show promise for reliably monitoring these chronic respiratory diseases.

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Last Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Methods for Detecting Cough and Airway Inflammation in Mice

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Murine Model of Allergen Induced Asthma

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Published on: May 14, 2012

A Reversible, Non-invasive Method for Airway Resistance Measurements and Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Sampling in Mice

A Reversible, Non-invasive Method for Airway Resistance Measurements and Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Sampling in Mice

Published on: April 13, 2010

Area of Science:

Respiratory Medicine
Immunology
Biomarker Discovery

Context:

Chronic inflammation in airways is linked to respiratory distress, lung function obstruction, and hyperreactivity.
Airway remodeling, characterized by changes in lumen dimensions and bronchial wall thickness, is associated with inflammation.
Systemic inflammatory markers can indicate localized inflammation in the respiratory tract.

Purpose:

To review current diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic evaluation methods for upper airway and bronchial inflammation.
To analyze methods providing information on inflammation in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD).
To assess the potential of non-invasive inflammation evaluation for monitoring airway diseases.

Summary:

Direct evaluation involves immune, histological, and chemical analysis of lung tissue and fluids, detecting increased eosinophils and mediators in conditions like asthma and rhinitis.
Induced sputum analysis identifies eosinophilic inflammation, inversely correlated with lung function.
Exhaled breath analysis detects volatile organic compounds, including FENO (Fractional exhaled Nitric Oxide), cytokines, and chemokines, offering insights into airway inflammation.

Impact:

Reliable and reproducible non-invasive inflammation evaluation methods will be crucial for monitoring and managing chronic airway diseases.
Understanding inflammatory markers aids in therapeutic decisions and prognosis assessment for rhinosinusitis, asthma, and COPD.
Advances in evaluating airway inflammation contribute to personalized medicine approaches in respiratory care.