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Related Concept Videos

Chambers of the Heart01:16

Chambers of the Heart

The human heart is a complex organ made up of four chambers: the right and left atria and the right and left ventricles. These internal chambers are separated by partitions known as the interatrial and interventricular septa. The exterior of the heart features a groove known as the coronary sulcus that demarcates the atria from the ventricles, while the anterior and posterior interventricular sulci distinguish between the two ventricles.
Deoxygenated blood from the body is received in the right...
Fetal Circulation01:14

Fetal Circulation

Fetal circulation is a unique system that facilitates the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between the developing fetus and the mother. This intricate process takes place through a special organ called the placenta.
Two umbilical arteries transport blood from the fetus to the placenta. At the placenta, the blood absorbs oxygen and nutrients while simultaneously eliminating waste products. This oxygen-enriched and nutrient-rich blood then returns to the fetus through one...
Heart Valves01:16

Heart Valves

The human heart is a complex organ with an intricate system of valves that regulate blood flow. There are two main types of valves: atrioventricular (AV) valves and semilunar valves.
The AV valves prevent the backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria during ventricular contraction. These valves function with the assistance of the chordae tendineae and papillary muscles. When the ventricles are relaxed, the chordae tendineae are slack, allowing blood to flow from the atria into the...
Mitral Stenosis I: Introduction01:22

Mitral Stenosis I: Introduction

Mitral Valve Stenosis (MVS) is a heart condition where the mitral valve narrows, impeding blood circulation from the left atrium to the left ventricle. The etiology and pathophysiology of this condition are multifaceted, leading to a cascade of cardiovascular complications.Causes of Mitral Valve StenosisRheumatic Heart Disease: It is the main cause of mitral valve stenosis, particularly in developing nations. This condition arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory illness resulting from...
Cardiovascular System Abnormal Findings II: Auscultation01:25

Cardiovascular System Abnormal Findings II: Auscultation

Auscultation, an essential part of a heart examination, is done using a stethoscope. It provides crucial information about heart function and possible heart problems. Due to heart problems, abnormal sounds can be heard during systole or diastole. These sounds include S3 and S4 gallops, opening snaps, systolic clicks, and murmurs.
Abnormal Heart Sounds
Gallops:
Aortic Regurgitation I: Introduction01:15

Aortic Regurgitation I: Introduction

IntroductionAortic regurgitation is characterized by the backward flow of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle during diastole and arises from the improper closure of the aortic valve. This condition results in left ventricular volume overload and can stem from both acute and chronic etiologies, each contributing uniquely to the disease's progression and symptomatology.Acute and Chronic CausesAcute aortic regurgitation often results from events that suddenly impair the integrity of the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Echocardiographic Evaluation of Atrial Communications before Transcatheter Closure
07:41

Echocardiographic Evaluation of Atrial Communications before Transcatheter Closure

Published on: February 8, 2022

Interatrial defect and patent ductus arteriosus.

Giuseppe Dattilo, Viviana Tulino, Domenico Tulino

    International Journal of Cardiology
    |May 1, 2009
    PubMed
    Summary

    Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) typically closes within hours, but anatomic closure takes weeks. Differentiating PDA and atrial septal defects in newborns requires careful, long-term observation due to diagnostic challenges.

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    Closure of a Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO): An Intervention Sequence
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    Closure of a Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO): An Intervention Sequence

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    Area of Science:

    • Cardiology
    • Neonatal Medicine
    • Pediatric Surgery

    Background:

    • Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) closure timelines vary between term and premature infants.
    • Distinguishing between patent foramen ovale and secundum atrial septal defects in neonates is challenging via echocardiography.
    • Interatrial septal shunts are common in newborns, complicating differential diagnosis.

    Discussion:

    • The interpretation of PDA and secundum atrial septal defects aligns with existing medical knowledge.
    • Diagnostic criteria for differentiating neonatal interatrial shunts are not definitively established.
    • Long-term follow-up is crucial for confirming persistent abnormalities.

    Key Insights:

    • Functional closure of PDA occurs early, but anatomical closure takes longer.
    • Echocardiography poses difficulties in differentiating neonatal atrial septal defects.
    • Persistence of abnormalities over time aids in diagnosing interatrial septal openings.

    Outlook:

    • Further research into definitive diagnostic criteria for neonatal interatrial shunts is warranted.
    • Standardized long-term follow-up protocols may improve diagnostic accuracy.
    • Collaboration between cardiology and pediatric surgery is essential for managing complex neonatal cardiac conditions.