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Related Concept Videos

The Pituitary Gland01:17

The Pituitary Gland

The pituitary is a small endocrine organ in the sphenoid bone under the hypothalamus. Primarily, the pituitary in adults has two distinct anatomical and functional regions— the anterior and posterior lobes. During human fetal development, a third pituitary gland region called the pars intermedia atrophies and disappears. However, some of its cells migrate and exist adjacent to the anterior pituitary in adults.
Endoscopic Procedures III: Video Capsule Endoscopy01:28

Endoscopic Procedures III: Video Capsule Endoscopy

Capsule endoscopy, or wireless or video capsule endoscopy, is a diagnostic procedure for examining the entire gastrointestinal tract. Patients swallow a capsule about the size of a vitamin tablet. The capsule is equipped with a transmitter, a battery, an LED light source, and a color video camera to capture images throughout the gastrointestinal tract. This procedure is particularly useful for diagnosing conditions such as Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, tumors, polyps, ulcers, unexplained...
Endoscopic Procedures V: ERCP01:26

Endoscopic Procedures V: ERCP

Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is a diagnostic procedure that combines endoscopy and fluoroscopy to diagnose and treat conditions related to the bile ducts, pancreatic ducts, and gallbladder. This procedure is beneficial for identifying and addressing blockages, gallstones, strictures, and tumors within the biliary or pancreatic systems. ERCP is both diagnostic and therapeutic, offering the ability to visualize and treat identified problems in one session.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas
07:43

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas

Published on: January 17, 2018

Three-dimensional endoscopic pituitary surgery.

Abtin Tabaee1, Vijay K Anand, Justin F Fraser

  • 1Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10065, USA.

Neurosurgery
|May 1, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Surgeons experienced improved depth perception using a new 3-dimensional (3-D) stereoendoscope for transsphenoidal pituitary surgery. This novel technology offers excellent outcomes without increasing operative time.

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Last Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas
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Published on: January 17, 2018

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Published on: June 28, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Neurosurgery
  • Medical Technology
  • Endoscopic Surgery

Background:

  • Transsphenoidal pituitary surgery is a minimally invasive neurosurgical approach.
  • Traditional 2-dimensional (2-D) endoscopes may limit depth perception.
  • Enhanced visualization is crucial for complex neurosurgical procedures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate a novel 3-dimensional (3-D) stereoendoscope for transsphenoidal pituitary surgery.
  • To assess the impact of 3-D visualization on surgeon depth perception and surgical outcomes.
  • To compare the performance of 3-D versus 2-D endoscopes in this surgical context.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective study of 13 patients undergoing endonasal endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery using a 3-D stereoendoscope.
  • Comparison with a matched cohort using conventional 2-D endoscopes.
  • Surgeon feedback on comfort and visual experience was recorded.

Main Results:

  • The 3-D endoscope provided subjectively improved depth perception without surgeon eye strain or headache.
  • No intraoperative complications were observed.
  • Gross tumor removal was achieved in most patients without cavernous sinus extension; no significant differences in operative time, length of stay, or resection extent compared to 2-D scopes.

Conclusions:

  • The 3-D stereoendoscope offers subjectively enhanced depth perception for transsphenoidal pituitary surgery.
  • This technology demonstrates excellent outcomes with no increase in operative time.
  • 3-D endoscopes show potential to become a standard tool for minimal access neurosurgery.