Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Anatomy of the Brain: Ventricles01:18

Anatomy of the Brain: Ventricles

There are hollow fluid-filled cavities known as ventricles deep inside the human brain. There are two lateral ventricles, one in each cerebral hemisphere, and each has three different projections — the anterior, inferior, and posterior horns visible from the lateral side. A thin membrane called the septum pellucidum separates the two lateral ventricles. The slender third ventricle in the diencephalon is connected to each lateral ventricle via a channel called the interventricular foramen. The...
Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this barrier loses...
Brainstem01:19

Brainstem

The brainstem, located inferior to the brain and superior to the spinal cord, serves as a bridge between the cerebrum and the spinal cord. It plays a vital role in relaying information and controlling critical life functions. It comprises three primary regions: the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.
The Midbrain
The midbrain is located beneath the diencephalon and connects the cerebrum with the lower parts of the brain. The cerebral peduncles are prominent midbrain structures that house the...
Arteries of the Head and Neck01:26

Arteries of the Head and Neck

The human body's intricate network of arteries ensures that every organ system receives the necessary oxygen and nutrients for optimal function. The arterial network in the head and neck region is particularly complex, providing vital blood flow to the brain, eyes, and other critical structures. Prominent arteries in this region include the internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries.
The internal carotid arteries supply blood to the anterior portion of the cerebrum. They enter the...
Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction01:17

Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction

A hemorrhagic stroke is an acute neurological event that occurs when a weakened cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to accumulate within or around the brain. The sudden release of blood forms a focal hematoma that increases intracranial pressure, displaces neural tissue, and can obstruct cerebrospinal fluid pathways. These effects may be compounded by intraventricular extension of the hemorrhage, cerebral edema, or compression of adjacent structures, all of which contribute to...
The Arch of Aorta01:10

The Arch of Aorta

The coronary arteries, originating from the ascending aorta, bifurcate from two sinuses located within the ascending aorta. Positioned just above the aortic semilunar valve, these sinuses house essential aortic baroreceptors and chemoreceptors, crucial for maintaining cardiac function. The left coronary artery and the right coronary artery branch off from the left posterior and anterior aortic sinuses, respectively.
Encircling the heart, the coronary arteries form a ring-like structure before...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Rethinking reperfusion metrics in endovascular stroke therapy: the limitations of mTICI and a path forward toward more meaningful outcomes.

Neuroradiology·2026
Same author

Dynamic 3D Modeling and Preoperative Surgical Planning for Vascular Eagle Syndrome: 2-Dimensional Operative Video.

Operative neurosurgery (Hagerstown, Md.)·2026
Same author

Editorial: DISTALS and the future of distal medium vessel thrombectomy: proof of concept and persistent questions.

Neuroradiology·2026
Same author

The impact of smoking on aneurysmal rupture in female patients: a nationwide retrospective cohort study.

Neurosurgical review·2026
Same author

From barrier to bridge: a scoping review on the methods, clinical efficacy, and safety of blood-brain barrier disruption in treating high-grade glioma.

Journal of neuro-oncology·2026
Same author

Commentary: Left Retrosigmoid Craniectomy for Decompression of the Hypoglossal Nerve Secondary to Medullary Compression: A 2-Dimensional Operative Video.

Operative neurosurgery (Hagerstown, Md.)·2026
Same journal

Performance of Risk Scores in Predicting Intracranial Aneurysm Instability.

Neurosurgery·2026
Same journal

Electric-Scooters: An Emerging Source of High-Severity Pediatric Head Trauma.

Neurosurgery·2026
Same journal

Survival After Surgery for Spinal Osteosarcoma and the Role of Chemotherapy and Treatment Sequencing: A National Cohort Multivariable Analysis.

Neurosurgery·2026
Same journal

Safety and Efficacy of 3-Month Versus 6-Month Duration of Dual Antiplatelet Therapy in Pipeline Embolization Treatment of Intracranial Aneurysms.

Neurosurgery·2026
Same journal

Risk Factors of Revision Surgery After Acute Proximal Junctional Fracture Following Adult Spinal Deformity Surgery.

Neurosurgery·2026
Same journal

Sensorimotor Network Alterations and Compensation in Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy: A 7 T Task-Based and Resting-State Functional MRI Study.

Neurosurgery·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Induction and Micro-CT Imaging of Cerebral Cavernous Malformations in Mouse Model
05:12

Induction and Micro-CT Imaging of Cerebral Cavernous Malformations in Mouse Model

Published on: September 4, 2017

Brainstem cavernous malformations.

Bradley A Gross1, H Hunt Batjer, Issam A Awad

  • 1Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine and McGaw Medical Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA.

Neurosurgery
|May 1, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Brainstem cavernous malformations (CMs) pose neurosurgical challenges. Surgical intervention shows significant resection rates but carries early morbidity, while radiosurgery offers conflicting rebleeding data and higher morbidity than AVMs.

More Related Videos

Comprehensive Endovascular and Open Surgical Management of Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations
14:58

Comprehensive Endovascular and Open Surgical Management of Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations

Published on: October 20, 2017

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Induction and Micro-CT Imaging of Cerebral Cavernous Malformations in Mouse Model
05:12

Induction and Micro-CT Imaging of Cerebral Cavernous Malformations in Mouse Model

Published on: September 4, 2017

Comprehensive Endovascular and Open Surgical Management of Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations
14:58

Comprehensive Endovascular and Open Surgical Management of Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations

Published on: October 20, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Neurosurgery
  • Neurology
  • Vascular Malformations

Background:

  • Brainstem cavernous malformations (CMs) are a complex neurosurgical issue.
  • Existing literature details their natural history, surgical, and radiosurgical management.
  • Controversy persists regarding optimal treatment strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review the literature on brainstem cavernous malformations.
  • To analyze natural history, surgical outcomes, and radiosurgical efficacy.
  • To provide data for informed clinical decision-making.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature review of 12 natural history, 52 surgical, and 14 radiosurgical studies.
  • Tabulation of annual bleeding rates, rebleed rates, resection rates, and morbidity.
  • Analysis of long-term outcomes and factors influencing recovery.

Main Results:

  • Annual bleeding rates for brainstem CMs range from 2.3% to 6.8%.
  • Complete resection rates reached 92%, with early postoperative morbidity between 29% and 67%.
  • Long-term follow-up showed 85% of patients were the same or improved, with a 1.9% mortality rate.

Conclusions:

  • Surgical resection of brainstem CMs achieves high rates but involves significant early morbidity.
  • Radiosurgery shows conflicting efficacy in reducing rebleeding and carries higher morbidity than arteriovenous malformations.
  • Lesion location impacts functional recovery, with anterolateral pontine lesions faring better than those requiring fourth ventricle floor excision.