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Visual System

Visual System

Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
Once through the pupil, the light passes through the lens, a...

Vision

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.

Depth Perception and Spatial Vision

Depth Perception and Spatial Vision

Depth perception is the ability to perceive objects three-dimensionally. It relies on two types of cues: binocular and monocular. Binocular cues depend on the combination of images from both eyes and how the eyes work together. Since the eyes are in slightly different positions, each eye captures a slightly different image. This disparity between images, known as binocular disparity, helps the brain interpret depth. When the brain compares these images, it determines the distance to an object.

Parallel Processing

Parallel Processing

The brain processes sensory information rapidly due to parallel processing, which involves sending data across multiple neural pathways at the same time. This method allows the brain to manage various sensory qualities, such as shapes, colors, movements, and locations, all concurrently. For instance, when observing a forest landscape, the brain simultaneously processes the movement of leaves, the shapes of trees, the depth between them, and the various shades of green. This enables a quick and...

Anatomy of the Eyeball

Anatomy of the Eyeball

The eye is a spherical, hollow structure composed of three tissue layers. The outer layer — the fibrous tunic, comprises the sclera — a white structure — and the cornea, which is transparent. The sclera encompasses some of the ocular surface, most of which is not visible. However, the 'white of the eye' is distinctively visible in humans compared to other species. The cornea, a clear covering at the front of the eye, enables light penetration. The eye's middle layer, the vascular tunic,...

Muscles of the Eye

Muscles of the Eye

The muscles of the eye are sophisticated structures that control eye movement and focus, allowing for the precise and rapid adjustments necessary for vision. The human eye is controlled by ten muscles — six extraocular muscles, three intraocular muscles, and one primary eyelid retractor muscle.
Extraocular Muscles
The six extraocular muscles surround the eyeball and control its movements. They are responsible for a wide range of eye motions, including looking up, down, left, right, and rotating...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Eye Tracking During A Complex Aviation Task For Insights Into Information Processing

Eye Tracking During A Complex Aviation Task For Insights Into Information Processing

Published on: April 4, 2025

The hand's automatic pilot can update visual information while the eye is in motion.

Brendan D Cameron¹, James T Enns, Ian M Franks

¹School of Human Kinetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.

Experimental Brain Research

|May 1, 2009

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

The hand

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Published on: July 21, 2020

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Motor Control
Visual Perception

Background:

The hand's automatic pilot adjusts to target changes during eye movements.
Saccadic suppression prevents awareness of target displacement.
Previous studies showed continuous target visibility during saccades.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate if target position changes during saccades update aiming movements.
To determine if information from two targets can be acquired during saccades.
To explore the limits of visual updating during eye motion.

Main Methods:

Participants performed aiming movements towards targets.
Target positions were changed during saccades (eye movements).
Targets were extinguished before saccade termination to test visual updating.

Main Results:

Participants successfully updated aiming movements to single and double target jumps.
This updating occurred even when targets disappeared before saccade completion.
The hand's automatic pilot integrated new visual information during saccades.

Conclusions:

The hand's automatic pilot can be updated by visual information acquired during saccades.
Visual updating during eye motion is possible even without continuous target visibility.
The system can process information from multiple targets during saccades.