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Related Concept Videos

Covalent Bonding and Lewis Structures02:46

Covalent Bonding and Lewis Structures

Compared to ionic bonds, which results from the transfer of electrons between metallic and nonmetallic atoms, covalent bonds result from the mutual attraction of atoms for a “shared” pair of electrons.
MO Theory and Covalent Bonding02:40

MO Theory and Covalent Bonding

The molecular orbital theory describes the distribution of electrons in molecules in a manner similar to the distribution of electrons in atomic orbitals. The region of space in which a valence electron in a molecule is likely to be found is called a molecular orbital. Mathematically, the linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO) generates molecular orbitals. Combinations of in-phase atomic orbital wave functions result in regions with a high probability of electron density, while...
Covalent Bonds01:29

Covalent Bonds

When two atoms share electrons to complete their valence shells they create a covalent bond. An atom’s electronegativity—the force with which shared electrons are pulled towards an atom—determines how the electrons are shared. Molecules formed with covalent bonds can be either polar or nonpolar. Atoms with similar electronegativities form nonpolar covalent bonds; the electrons are shared equally. Atoms with different electronegativities share electrons unequally, creating polar bonds.A Covalent...
Covalent Bonds01:08

Covalent Bonds

Overview
When two atoms share electrons to complete their valence shells, they create a covalent bond. An atom's electronegativity—the force with which shared electrons are pulled towards an atom—determines how the electrons are shared. Molecules formed with covalent bonds can be either polar or nonpolar. Atoms with similar electronegativities form nonpolar covalent bonds; the electrons are shared equally. Atoms with different electronegativities share electrons unequally, creating polar bonds.
Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
Valence Bond Theory02:45

Valence Bond Theory

Overview of Valence Bond Theory

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Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Reliable Mechanochemistry: Protocols for Reproducible Outcomes of Neat and Liquid Assisted Ball-mill Grinding Experiments
13:05

Reliable Mechanochemistry: Protocols for Reproducible Outcomes of Neat and Liquid Assisted Ball-mill Grinding Experiments

Published on: January 23, 2018

Understanding covalent mechanochemistry.

Jordi Ribas-Arino1, Motoyuki Shiga, Dominik Marx

  • 1Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|May 1, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Covalent mechanochemistry experiments are now explained by a new theoretical framework. This approach uses force-transformed potential energy surfaces to understand molecular changes driven by mechanical force.

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Area of Science:

  • Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Covalent mechanochemistry is an emerging field exploring chemical reactions initiated by mechanical force.
  • Experimental results in this field have presented intriguing, yet not fully understood, phenomena.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish a general theoretical framework for covalent mechanochemistry.
  • To rationalize and explain recent experimental findings in the field.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a theoretical framework based on force-transformed potential energy surfaces.
  • Application of the framework to analyze experimental data from covalent mechanochemistry.

Main Results:

  • The proposed theoretical framework successfully rationalizes intriguing experimental results.
  • The framework provides a unified understanding of force-induced chemical transformations.

Conclusions:

  • The developed theoretical framework is a significant advancement for covalent mechanochemistry.
  • This work paves the way for predicting and designing mechanochemical reactions.