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Acute Respiratory Failure-III

Acute Respiratory Failure-III

Hypercapnic respiratory failure, also known as Type 2 or ventilatory respiratory failure, is a severe condition characterized by the body's inability to effectively remove carbon dioxide (CO2) from the bloodstream. It leads to an arterial CO2 pressure (PaCO2) exceeding 45 mmHg and a blood pH above 7.35. This situation indicates that the body's ventilatory demand, or the ventilation needed to maintain normal PaCO2 levels, surpasses its supply or the maximum gas flow achievable without causing...

Acute Respiratory Failure-II

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Type I Respiratory Failure, or hypoxemic respiratory failure, occurs when the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) in arterial blood falls below 60 mmHg while breathing room air without a corresponding increase in arterial carbon dioxide levels (PaCO2). This condition highlights a significant impairment in the lungs' capacity to oxygenate the blood.
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Acute Respiratory Failure-I

Acute Respiratory Failure-I

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Updated: Jun 23, 2026

A Pulmonary Trunk Banding Model of Pressure Overload Induced Right Ventricular Hypertrophy and Failure

A Pulmonary Trunk Banding Model of Pressure Overload Induced Right Ventricular Hypertrophy and Failure

Published on: November 29, 2018

Hyperinflation-induced cardiorespiratory failure in rats.

Jeremy A Simpson¹, Keith R Brunt, Christine P Collier

¹Dept. of Physiology, Queen's Univ., Kingston, ON, Canada K7L 3N6.

Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)

|May 2, 2009

Summary

Breathing against expiratory loads caused cardiorespiratory failure in rats, not just respiratory issues. This resulted in right heart injury, similar to obstructive airway disease exacerbations.

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Area of Science:

Cardiorespiratory Physiology
Respiratory Mechanics
Cardiac Pathophysiology

Background:

Severe inspiratory resistive loads induce acute cardiorespiratory failure.
Mechanisms of cardiovascular failure during loaded breathing are unclear.
Expiratory threshold loads may alter cardiac afterload differently than inspiratory loads.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate if expiratory threshold loading causes cardiorespiratory failure in rats.
To determine if diaphragmatic fatigue is the sole consequence of expiratory loading.
To explore the role of right ventricular injury in cardiorespiratory failure.

Main Methods:

Anesthetized rats were subjected to expiratory threshold loading.
Measurements included lung volumes, respiratory frequency, arterial blood gases, and hemodynamics.
Diaphragmatic function, myocardial injury (troponin T), and ventricular histology were assessed.

Main Results:

Loading induced hyperinflation, hypoxemia, hypercapnia, and acidosis.
Cardiovascular failure (hypotension) occurred despite tachycardia.
Right ventricular myocardial injury was observed, linked to decreased oxygen delivery and increased pulmonary vascular resistance.

Conclusions:

Expiratory threshold loading in rats leads to cardiorespiratory failure, not solely respiratory failure.
Right heart injury and dysfunction are significant factors in this model.
Findings may inform understanding of cardiorespiratory complications in obstructive airway diseases.