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Related Concept Videos

Dielectric Polarization in a Capacitor01:31

Dielectric Polarization in a Capacitor

The presence of a dielectric medium in a capacitor not only changes the voltage and capacitance but also affects the electric field. In general, dielectrics can be of two types: polar and nonpolar. In a polar dielectric, the positive and negative charges in the molecules are separated by a distance and hence have a permanent dipole moment. In contrast, no such charge separation exists in a nonpolar dielectric, however the nonpolar molecules get polarized in the presence of an external electric...
Potential Due to a Polarized Object01:29

Potential Due to a Polarized Object

A neutral atom consists of a positively charged nucleus surrounded by a negatively charged electron cloud. When placed in an external electric field, the external electric force pulls the electrons and nucleus apart, opposite to the intrinsic attraction between the nucleus and the electrons. The opposing forces balance each other with a slight shift between the center of masses of the nucleus and the electron cloud, resulting in a polarized atom. On the other hand, a few molecules, like water,...
Biasing of P-N Junction01:16

Biasing of P-N Junction

The operation of a p-n junction diode involves various biasing conditions, including forward bias, reverse bias, and equilibrium.
In equilibrium, no external voltage is applied across the p-n junction. The depletion region is formed at the junction interface due to the diffusion of carriers, which leaves behind charged dopants, acceptors on the p-side, and donors on the n-side. These immobile charges create an electric field that prevents further diffusion of carriers. The related energy band...
Group Polarization01:01

Group Polarization

Group polarization is the strengthening of an original group attitude following the discussion of views within a group (Teger & Pruitt, 1967). That is, if a group initially favors a viewpoint, after discussion the group consensus is likely a stronger endorsement of the viewpoint. Conversely, if the group was initially opposed to a viewpoint, group discussion would likely lead to stronger opposition.
Induced Electric Dipoles01:28

Induced Electric Dipoles

A permanent electric dipole orients itself along an external electric field. This rotation can be quantified by defining the potential energy because the external torque does work in rotating it. Then, the potential energy is minimum at the parallel configuration and maximum at the antiparallel configuration. While the former is a stable equilibrium, the latter is an unstable equilibrium.
Since the absolute value of potential energy holds no physical meaning, its zero value can be chosen as per...
Biasing of Metal-Semiconductor Junctions01:27

Biasing of Metal-Semiconductor Junctions

Biasing metal-semiconductor junctions involves applying a voltage across the junction. Specifically, the metal is connected to a voltage source, while the semiconductor is grounded. This technique is essential for controlling the direction and magnitude of current flow in electronic devices, including diodes, transistors, and photovoltaic cells.
In Schottky junctions, where the semiconductor is n-type, applying a positive voltage to the metal relative to the semiconductor reduces its Fermi...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Automation of Mode Locking in a Nonlinear Polarization Rotation Fiber Laser through Output Polarization Measurements
14:18

Automation of Mode Locking in a Nonlinear Polarization Rotation Fiber Laser through Output Polarization Measurements

Published on: February 28, 2016

Polarization correlations in pulsed, vertical cavity, surface-emitting lasers.

D Shelly, T Garrison, M K Beck

    Optics Express
    |May 2, 2009
    PubMed
    Summary

    Noise and polarization correlations in pulsed vertical-cavity, surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) are complex. The number of lasing modes significantly impacts polarization correlation, not just a single coefficient.

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    Automation of Mode Locking in a Nonlinear Polarization Rotation Fiber Laser through Output Polarization Measurements
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    Published on: February 28, 2016

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    A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference
    07:56

    A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference

    Published on: September 5, 2019

    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Semiconductor Lasers
    • Quantum Optics

    Background:

    • Vertical-cavity, surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) are crucial optoelectronic devices.
    • Understanding noise and polarization behavior is vital for VCSEL applications.
    • Multitransverse-mode VCSELs exhibit complex output characteristics.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate noise behavior in pulsed VCSELs.
    • To analyze polarization correlations in multitransverse-mode VCSEL output.
    • To determine factors influencing polarization correlation.

    Main Methods:

    • Simultaneous measurement of laser output in two orthogonal linear polarizations.
    • Characterization as a function of drive current and pulse widths (3 ns, 10 ns, 30 ns).
    • Analysis of joint probability distributions for detected photoelectrons.

    Main Results:

    • Joint photoelectron distributions reveal complex polarization correlations.
    • Correlation is not fully described by a single correlation coefficient.
    • The number of lasing modes is a key parameter for polarization correlation.

    Conclusions:

    • Pulsed multitransverse-mode VCSEL polarization correlations are intricate.
    • The degree of polarization correlation is strongly dependent on the number of lasing modes.
    • Further research needed to fully model complex correlations in VCSELs.