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Related Concept Videos

The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:31

The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

Targeted Cancer Therapies

The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
There are several types of targeted therapies against specific...
Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

Targeted Cancer Therapies

The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
There are several types of targeted therapies against specific...
Overview of Cell Death01:30

Overview of Cell Death

Cell death is an essential process where the body gets rid of old or damaged cells. Cell proliferation and death need to be balanced, as an imbalance between the two may lead to cancer or autoimmune diseases.
Cell death was observed in the early 19th century, but there was no experimental evidence to prove it. In 1842, Carl Vogt first discovered cell death in a metamorphic toad; however, it was not termed ‘cell death.’ Scientists discovered different cell death pathways only in the 20th century...
Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy01:22

Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy

Cells respond to damage and stress through highly coordinated processes that decide whether they survive or undergo controlled self-destruction. Two major pathways involved in this regulation are apoptosis, a type of programmed cell death, and autophagy, a survival mechanism that helps cells adapt to adverse conditions.ApoptosisApoptosis removes aged or injured cells to maintain tissue balance. During this process, the cell shrinks, chromatin condenses and fragments, and membrane-bound...
The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Establishing Cell Lines Overexpressing DR3 to Assess the Apoptotic Response to Anti-mitotic Therapeutics
12:28

Establishing Cell Lines Overexpressing DR3 to Assess the Apoptotic Response to Anti-mitotic Therapeutics

Published on: January 11, 2019

Programmed cell death pathways and current antitumor targets.

Mei Lan Tan1, Jer Ping Ooi, Nawfal Ismail

  • 1Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Lot 1-8, Persiaran Seksyen 4/1, Bandar Putra Bertam, Kepala Batas, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia. tanml@usm.my

Pharmaceutical Research
|May 2, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Targeting programmed cell death pathways like apoptosis and autophagy offers new cancer treatment strategies. This review details recent antitumor drugs and clinical trial outcomes for these essential cellular processes.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Establishing Cell Lines Overexpressing DR3 to Assess the Apoptotic Response to Anti-mitotic Therapeutics
12:28

Establishing Cell Lines Overexpressing DR3 to Assess the Apoptotic Response to Anti-mitotic Therapeutics

Published on: January 11, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Cellular Biology
  • Oncology
  • Molecular Medicine

Background:

  • Programmed cell death, including apoptosis and autophagy, is crucial for normal cellular functions and preventing cancer.
  • Understanding the molecular pathways of apoptosis and autophagy has advanced cancer pathogenesis research.
  • Aberrant signaling in these pathways is a hallmark of many cancers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the latest antitumor strategies targeting apoptosis and autophagy signaling pathways.
  • To discuss recent clinical trial outcomes for drugs modulating these cell death processes.
  • To highlight the therapeutic potential of targeting apoptosis and autophagy in cancer treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent publications on apoptosis and autophagy signaling.
  • Analysis of clinical trial data for drugs targeting TRAIL, Bcl-2, proteasome, and mTOR pathways.
  • Synthesis of information on emerging therapeutic strategies involving pro-autophagics and autophagy inhibitors.

Main Results:

  • Several drugs targeting apoptotic pathways (TRAIL, Bcl-2, proteasome) are in late-stage clinical trials.
  • The mTOR inhibitor temsirolimus is FDA-approved for renal cell carcinoma, with more inhibitors anticipated.
  • Therapeutic strategies modulating autophagy are under active investigation for various cancers.

Conclusions:

  • Targeting apoptosis and autophagy represents a promising frontier in cancer therapy.
  • Ongoing clinical trials are evaluating the efficacy of novel drugs modulating these pathways.
  • Further research into apoptosis and autophagy modulation holds significant potential for future cancer treatments.