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Related Concept Videos

Surface Tension, Capillary Action, and Viscosity02:57

Surface Tension, Capillary Action, and Viscosity

Surface Tension
The various IMFs between identical molecules of a substance are examples of cohesive forces. The molecules within a liquid are surrounded by other molecules and are attracted equally in all directions by the cohesive forces within the liquid. However, the molecules on the surface of a liquid are attracted only by about one-half as many molecules. Because of the unbalanced molecular attractions on the surface molecules, liquids contract to form a shape that minimizes the number...
Surface Tension of Fluid01:22

Surface Tension of Fluid

Surface tension is a fundamental property of fluids, occurring at the boundary between a liquid and a gas or between two immiscible liquids. This phenomenon arises from the cohesive forces between molecules at the fluid's surface, creating an effect similar to a stretched elastic membrane. Inside each fluid, molecules are equally attracted in all directions by neighboring molecules, but surface molecules experience a net inward force, resulting in surface tension.
Surface tension varies with...
Excess Pressure Inside a Drop and a Bubble01:13

Excess Pressure Inside a Drop and a Bubble

The shape of a small drop of liquid can be considered spherical, neglecting the effect of gravity. This drop can further be considered as two equal hemispherical drops put together due to surface tension. The forces acting on the spherical drop are due to the pressure of the liquid inside the drop, the pressure due to air outside the drop, and the force due to the surface tension acting on the two hemispherical drops.
Surface Tension and Surface Energy01:16

Surface Tension and Surface Energy

When a paint brush is immersed in water, the bristles wave freely inside the water. When it is taken out, the bristles stick together. The reason behind this effect is surface tension.
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Surface Tension01:24

Surface Tension

Surface tension is defined as the force per unit length (γ) acting along the surface of a liquid. It arises due to strong intermolecular forces of attraction. A molecule located inside the bulk of the liquid is surrounded by other molecules and experiences equal forces in all directions. However, a molecule at the surface experiences unbalanced forces because there are more neighboring molecules below than above. This creates a net inward force that pulls surface molecules toward the interior,...
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Adhesion

Adhesion occurs when one type of molecule is attracted to a different molecule. Water exhibits adhesive properties in the presence of polar surfaces, such as glass or cellulose in plants. For instance, when water is poured into a glass, the positively charged hydrogen molecules of water are more attracted to the negatively charged oxygen molecules in the silica than to the oxygen in neighboring water molecules.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Measuring the Interaction Force Between a Droplet and a Super-hydrophobic Substrate by the Optical Lever Method
07:18

Measuring the Interaction Force Between a Droplet and a Super-hydrophobic Substrate by the Optical Lever Method

Published on: June 14, 2019

General methodology for evaluating the adhesion force of drops and bubbles on solid surfaces.

C Antonini1, F J Carmona, E Pierce

  • 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2G8.

Langmuir : the ACS Journal of Surfaces and Colloids
|May 5, 2009
PubMed
Summary

A new method, Image Based Adhesion Force Analysis (IBAFA), accurately calculates adhesion forces for drops and bubbles. This image-based approach significantly improves upon existing methods, reducing errors from 76% to just 1%.

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Measuring the Interaction Force Between a Droplet and a Super-hydrophobic Substrate by the Optical Lever Method
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Area of Science:

  • Surface Science
  • Fluid Dynamics
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Current methods for calculating adhesion force in drops and bubbles with noncircular contact lines have significant limitations.
  • Existing formulations often rely on simplifying assumptions that lead to inaccuracies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a general formulation for evaluating adhesion force due to surface forces.
  • To introduce a novel methodology, Image Based Adhesion Force Analysis (IBAFA), for implementing this general formulation.
  • To address the shortcomings of current adhesion force calculation methods for noncircular contact lines.

Main Methods:

  • IBAFA utilizes multiple profile images of a drop to reconstruct the contact line shape using a Fourier cosine series.
  • Contact angles are measured at multiple locations along the contact line, and a distribution is determined via linear piecewise interpolation.
  • The contact line shape reconstruction was validated through both experimental and simulated data.

Main Results:

  • The IBAFA methodology was tested using simulated experiments with synthetic drops of known shapes.
  • Comparison with current methods revealed errors up to 76% due to simplifying assumptions (e.g., elliptical contact lines, linear contact angle distributions).
  • Adhesion force evaluation using IBAFA demonstrated high accuracy, with errors on the order of 1%.

Conclusions:

  • IBAFA provides a highly accurate and reliable method for determining the adhesion force of drops and bubbles.
  • The developed methodology overcomes the limitations of existing techniques, offering a significant improvement in precision.
  • Accurate adhesion force measurement is crucial for various applications in fluid dynamics and materials science.