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Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R stands for...
Ribosome Profiling02:24

Ribosome Profiling

Ribosome profiling or ribo-sequencing is a deep sequencing technique that produces a snapshot of active translation in a cell. It selectively sequences the mRNAs protected by ribosomes to get an insight into a cell’s translation landscape at any given point in time.
Applications of ribosome profiling
Ribosome profiling has many applications, including in vivo monitoring of translation inside a particular organ or tissue type and quantifying new protein synthesis levels.
The technique helps...
Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

Improving Translational Accuracy

Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
Translational Regulation01:29

Translational Regulation

Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

In vivo Interrogation of Central Nervous System Translatome by Polyribosome Fractionation
09:13

In vivo Interrogation of Central Nervous System Translatome by Polyribosome Fractionation

Published on: April 30, 2014

[Biomarkers: "Found in translation"].

Brian P Lockhart1, Bernard Walther

  • 1Directeur de Division, Pharmacologie et Physiopathologie Moléculaires, Institut de Recherches Servier, 78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France. brian.lockhart@fr.netgrs.com

Medecine Sciences : M/S
|May 5, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Global pharmaceutical R&D faces declining drug approvals despite increased spending. Embracing new technologies like biomarkers and systems biology offers opportunities to enhance drug discovery productivity and innovation for better medicines.

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Quantitative Immunofluorescence to Measure Global Localized Translation
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Analysis of Translation Initiation During Stress Conditions by Polysome Profiling
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Analysis of Translation Initiation During Stress Conditions by Polysome Profiling

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 23, 2026

In vivo Interrogation of Central Nervous System Translatome by Polyribosome Fractionation
09:13

In vivo Interrogation of Central Nervous System Translatome by Polyribosome Fractionation

Published on: April 30, 2014

Quantitative Immunofluorescence to Measure Global Localized Translation
09:13

Quantitative Immunofluorescence to Measure Global Localized Translation

Published on: August 22, 2017

Analysis of Translation Initiation During Stress Conditions by Polysome Profiling
10:59

Analysis of Translation Initiation During Stress Conditions by Polysome Profiling

Published on: May 19, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Drug discovery and development
  • Biomarker applications
  • Systems biology approaches

Context:

  • Declining innovative drug approvals since 1994.
  • Increasing attrition rates, development timelines, and costs.
  • Growing unmet medical needs and evolving markets present opportunities.

Purpose:

  • To explore strategies for improving pharmaceutical R&D productivity and innovation.
  • To highlight the role of new technologies like genomics, proteomics, and informatics.
  • To emphasize the application of biomarkers throughout the drug discovery and development phases.

Summary:

  • Pharmaceutical R&D is challenged by declining approvals and rising costs.
  • New technologies and a systems biology approach offer solutions.
  • Biomarkers are key to improving understanding of disease and drug mechanisms.

Impact:

  • Potential for improved productivity, quality, and innovation in drug discovery.
  • Development of safer medicines with enhanced therapeutic efficacy.
  • Personalized medicine through targeted patient populations and specific pathologies.