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Related Concept Videos

Autophagy01:27

Autophagy

Autophagy is a self-digesting process by which a cell protects itself from threats both within and outside the cell, ranging from abnormal proteins to invading bacteria. In this process, obsolete components of the cell and invading microbes are degraded by hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen.
An autophagic pathway consists of a series of signaling events activated in response to diverse stress and physiological conditions such as food deprivation,...
Autophagic Cell Death01:18

Autophagic Cell Death

Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
Autophagy and Apoptosis
Autophagy can activate apoptosis. In normal conditions, the autophagy activating protein Beclin-1 and pro-apoptotic...
Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy01:22

Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy

Cells respond to damage and stress through highly coordinated processes that decide whether they survive or undergo controlled self-destruction. Two major pathways involved in this regulation are apoptosis, a type of programmed cell death, and autophagy, a survival mechanism that helps cells adapt to adverse conditions.ApoptosisApoptosis removes aged or injured cells to maintain tissue balance. During this process, the cell shrinks, chromatin condenses and fragments, and membrane-bound...
Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome01:36

Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome

Eukaryotic cells use different mechanisms to eliminate toxic waste obsolete and worn-out substances. Lysosomes play a pivotal role in this, and hence, these substances are carried to the lysosome from other parts of the cell and extracellular space through different pathways. The most elaborately studied pathways to the lysosome are the endocytic pathways.
Endocytosis
In endocytosis, the cell membrane takes up macromolecules and particles from the surrounding medium. Clathrin-mediated...
mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression03:03

mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression

The mammalian target of rapamycin or mTOR protein was discovered in 1994 due to its direct interaction with rapamycin. The protein gets its name from a yeast homolog called TOR. The mTOR protein complex in mammalian cells plays a major role in balancing anabolic processes such as the synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleotides and catabolic processes, such as autophagy in response to environmental cues, such as availability of nutrients and growth factors.
The mTOR pathway or the...
Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria01:19

Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria

Mitochondrial precursors are translocated to the internal subcompartments via independent mechanisms involving distinct protein machineries called translocases.
Sorting of outer membrane proteins:
Mitochondrial outer membrane proteins are of two types: the transmembrane, beta-barrel porins, and the membrane-anchored, alpha-helical proteins. Beta-barrel porin precursors are translocated by the TOM complex and inserted into the outer mitochondrial membrane by the SAM complex. In contrast,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

In Vitro and In Vivo Detection of Mitophagy in Human Cells, C. Elegans, and Mice
08:40

In Vitro and In Vivo Detection of Mitophagy in Human Cells, C. Elegans, and Mice

Published on: November 22, 2017

Robust autophagy/mitophagy persists during mitosis.

Leyuan Liu1, Rui Xie, Susan Nguyen

  • 1Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030-3303, USA. lliu@ibt.tamhsc.edu

Cell Cycle (Georgetown, Tex.)
|May 5, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Autophagy and mitophagy continue during cell division (mitosis) at high levels, contrary to previous beliefs. This process protects dividing cells by clearing damaged mitochondria without harming chromosomes.

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Time-Lapse Video Microscopy for Assessment of EYFP-Parkin Aggregation as a Marker for Cellular Mitophagy

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In Vitro and In Vivo Detection of Mitophagy in Human Cells, C. Elegans, and Mice
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In Vitro and In Vivo Detection of Mitophagy in Human Cells, C. Elegans, and Mice

Published on: November 22, 2017

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Time-Lapse Video Microscopy for Assessment of EYFP-Parkin Aggregation as a Marker for Cellular Mitophagy
09:29

Time-Lapse Video Microscopy for Assessment of EYFP-Parkin Aggregation as a Marker for Cellular Mitophagy

Published on: May 4, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Autophagy is a cellular process for clearing damaged components.
  • It was previously thought that autophagy halts during mitosis to protect chromosomes and the spindle.
  • However, halting autophagy could lead to harmful buildup of dysfunctional mitochondria during mitosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether autophagy and mitophagy persist during mitosis.
  • To determine if these processes pose a risk to chromosomal integrity during cell division.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized biochemical markers to detect autophagosomes and mitophagosomes.
  • Employed a blockade at the lysosomal clearance step to assess autophagic flux.
  • Compared autophagy/mitophagy levels during mitosis with interphase.

Main Results:

  • Autophagy and mitophagy were found to persist during mitosis at levels comparable to interphase.
  • The study suggests a mechanism exists to insulate spindle and chromosomes from the autophagic process.
  • This insulation may prevent the autophagic process from mistakenly targeting normal or defective spindle and chromosomes.

Conclusions:

  • Autophagy and mitophagy are active and robust during mitosis.
  • A protective mechanism likely exists to shield essential mitotic structures from autophagic degradation.
  • This finding challenges previous assumptions and highlights a critical role for sustained autophagy in maintaining genomic stability during cell division.