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Related Concept Videos

Translational Regulation01:29

Translational Regulation

Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the addition of a...
Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

Improving Translational Accuracy

Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
Bacterial Protein Maturation01:26

Bacterial Protein Maturation

Bacterial protein maturation is a tightly regulated process that ensures newly synthesized polypeptides achieve correct functional conformations. This maturation involves a series of modifications, folding events, and quality control steps, often assisted by specialized chaperone proteins.N-Terminal ModificationsThe maturation of bacterial polypeptides begins cotranslationally as the polypeptide exits the ribosome. The first amino acid, N-formylmethionine (fMet), is typically modified at the...
Transcription Attenuation in Prokaryotes02:42

Transcription Attenuation in Prokaryotes

Transcriptional attenuation occurs when RNA transcription is prematurely terminated due to the formation of a terminator mRNA hairpin structure.  Bacteria use these hairpins to regulate the transcription process and control the synthesis of several amino acids including histidine, lysine, threonine, and phenylalanine. Transcription attenuation takes place in the non-coding regions of mRNA.
There are several different mechanisms used to attenuate transcription. In ribosome mediated...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Translation Efficiency Test Using Polysome Profiles Under Heat Stress
08:39

Translation Efficiency Test Using Polysome Profiles Under Heat Stress

Published on: October 11, 2024

Altering chemosensitivity by modulating translation elongation.

Francis Robert1, Marilyn Carrier, Svea Rawe

  • 1Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

Plos One
|May 5, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Inhibiting protein synthesis elongation synergizes with chemotherapy to treat Emu-Myc lymphomas by reducing short-lived pro-survival proteins. This approach shows promise for tumors with PTEN/AKT/mTOR pathway mutations.

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Quantitative Immunofluorescence to Measure Global Localized Translation
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Quantitative Immunofluorescence to Measure Global Localized Translation

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Assessment of Selective mRNA Translation in Mammalian Cells by Polysome Profiling
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Assessment of Selective mRNA Translation in Mammalian Cells by Polysome Profiling

Published on: October 28, 2014

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Translation Efficiency Test Using Polysome Profiles Under Heat Stress
08:39

Translation Efficiency Test Using Polysome Profiles Under Heat Stress

Published on: October 11, 2024

Quantitative Immunofluorescence to Measure Global Localized Translation
09:13

Quantitative Immunofluorescence to Measure Global Localized Translation

Published on: August 22, 2017

Assessment of Selective mRNA Translation in Mammalian Cells by Polysome Profiling
10:00

Assessment of Selective mRNA Translation in Mammalian Cells by Polysome Profiling

Published on: October 28, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cancer Therapeutics

Background:

  • Translation is a key process regulated by signaling pathways and development.
  • The PTEN/AKT/mTOR pathway is crucial in tumor development and chemosensitivity.
  • Translation initiation inhibitors modulate tumor sensitivity to chemotherapy, but elongation inhibitors are less studied in vivo.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the efficacy of translation elongation inhibitors in combination with chemotherapy.
  • To evaluate the synergistic potential of these inhibitors in genetically defined mouse tumor models.
  • To explore the mechanisms underlying chemoresistance and the role of protein degradation.

Main Methods:

  • Tested four chemical inhibitors of translation elongation (homoharringtonine, bruceantin, didemnin B, cycloheximide).
  • Assessed chemoresistance in Emu-myc lymphomas with specific genetic lesions (Pten, Tsc2, Bcl-2, eIF4E).
  • Utilized ex vivo lymphoma cells and proteasome inhibitors to study drug synergy and protein degradation.

Main Results:

  • Translation elongation inhibitors synergized with doxorubicin in certain genetic contexts, restoring apoptosis.
  • This synergy was linked to reduced levels of short-lived pro-oncogenic proteins (Mcl-1, cyclin D1, c-Myc).
  • Synergy was replicated ex vivo and reversed by proteasome inhibition, highlighting the role of protein degradation.

Conclusions:

  • Inhibiting protein synthesis by targeting elongation can deplete short-lived pro-survival factors.
  • This depletion may lead to therapeutic responses in tumors with PTEN/AKT/mTOR pathway mutations.
  • Targeting translation elongation offers a potential strategy for overcoming chemoresistance in specific cancer types.