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Related Concept Videos

Spinal Nerves: Plexus I01:22

Spinal Nerves: Plexus I

Nerve plexuses are networks of interlacing nerves that serve as communication hubs to distribute and organize nerve action across various body regions. The nerve plexuses are organized into the cervical plexus located in the neck region, brachial plexus in the shoulder area, lumbar plexus found in the lower back, sacral plexus situated in the pelvis, and coccygeal plexus located in the coccygeal region.
The Cervical Plexus
The cervical plexus, formed by the anterior rami of the first four...
Arteries of the Upper Limbs01:12

Arteries of the Upper Limbs

The subclavian artery transitions into the axillary artery as it exits the chest and enters the axillary region. This artery is critical for supplying blood to the shoulder area, including the head of the humerus, through the humeral circumflex arteries. As the vessel continues into the upper arm or brachium, it becomes the brachial artery. This artery plays a key role in vascularizing the brachial region and bifurcates at the elbow into several branches. These branches include the deep...
Spinal Nerves: Plexus II01:21

Spinal Nerves: Plexus II

The plexuses of the lower body include the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal plexuses, which innervate the abdomen, pelvis, legs, and coccygeal region. These plexuses control the transmission of sensory information and coordinate motor functions of the lower body.
The Lumbar Plexus
The lumbar plexus is situated within the lumbar region of the back and is primarily formed by the first four lumbar spinal nerves (L1 to L4). This plexus extends its branches into several nerves, including the...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius01:09

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius

The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a short...
Veins of Upper Limbs01:17

Veins of Upper Limbs

The human circulatory system, a marvel of biological engineering, is a complex network of vessels that transport blood throughout the body. Among these, the veins responsible for carrying blood from the upper limbs are divided into two categories: deep and superficial.
The deep venous system is primarily composed of the ulnar and radial veins. The ulnar vein, which drains the fingers through the superficial palmar venous arches, and the radial vein, which serves the palms via the deep palmar...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna01:15

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna

The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side of the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Development of a Neonatal Rat Model for Brachial Plexus Birth Injury
09:42

Development of a Neonatal Rat Model for Brachial Plexus Birth Injury

Published on: March 27, 2026

Brachial plexus anatomy: normal and variant.

Steven L Orebaugh1, Brian A Williams

  • 1University of Pittsburgh, UPMC South Side, 2000 Mary Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15203, USA. orebaughsl@anes.upmc.edu

Thescientificworldjournal
|May 5, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Understanding brachial plexus anatomy and its variations is crucial for effective nerve blocks. Real-time ultrasonography enhances the appreciation of these anatomical details for improved patient care.

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Methods for In Vivo Biomechanical Testing on Brachial Plexus in Neonatal Piglets
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Methods for In Vivo Biomechanical Testing on Brachial Plexus in Neonatal Piglets

Published on: December 19, 2019

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Last Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Development of a Neonatal Rat Model for Brachial Plexus Birth Injury
09:42

Development of a Neonatal Rat Model for Brachial Plexus Birth Injury

Published on: March 27, 2026

Methods for In Vivo Biomechanical Testing on Brachial Plexus in Neonatal Piglets
06:51

Methods for In Vivo Biomechanical Testing on Brachial Plexus in Neonatal Piglets

Published on: December 19, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Anesthesiology
  • Anatomy
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Brachial plexus blockade is a century-old technique for upper extremity surgery anesthesia.
  • Effective blockade relies on understanding plexus anatomy and variations.
  • Advances in imaging have improved anatomical appreciation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review brachial plexus anatomy and its variations relevant to nerve blocks.
  • To highlight anomalies affecting brachial plexus block procedures.
  • To emphasize the role of imaging in understanding plexus anatomy.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature search of Medline, Cochrane Library, and PubMed.
  • Used keywords: "brachial plexus", "median nerve", "ulnar nerve", "radial nerve", "axillary nerve", "musculocutanous nerve".
  • Paired keywords with MESH terms: "anatomy", "nerve block", "anomaly", "variation", "ultrasound".

Main Results:

  • Reviewed 57 articles providing substantive information.
  • Summarized normal brachial plexus anatomy, emphasizing imaging features.
  • Noted anatomical anomalies impacting brachial plexus blocks.

Conclusions:

  • Thorough understanding of brachial plexus anatomy and variations is essential for effective blockade.
  • Real-time ultrasonography enhances the appreciation of brachial plexus anatomy.
  • Improved anatomical knowledge aids in successful nerve block procedures.