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Related Concept Videos

Metal-Ligand Bonds02:51

Metal-Ligand Bonds

The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
In these complexes, transition metals form coordinate covalent bonds, a kind of Lewis acid-base interaction in which both of the electrons in the bond are contributed by a donor (Lewis base) to an electron acceptor (Lewis acid). The Lewis acid in...
Extraction: Advanced Methods00:56

Extraction: Advanced Methods

Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here, the chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and behave as a weak acid, losing a proton to bind with the metal. Since most organic ligands used in this process are insoluble or undergo oxidation in the aqueous phase, the chelating agent is initially added to the organic phase and extracted into the aqueous phase. The metal-ligand complex is formed in...
Complexometric Titration: Ligands00:43

Complexometric Titration: Ligands

Different monodentate and polydentate ligands are used as complexing agents in complexometric titration reactions. The formation of complexes by mono- and bidentate ligands involves two or more intermediate steps, limiting their use as complexing agents. In comparison, polydentate ligands can form complexes with metal ions in a single-step process, facilitating sharper end points. This means polydentate ligands, such as amino carboxylic acid derivatives, are most commonly employed in...
Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect01:19

Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect

In complexation reactions, metal atoms or cations interact with ligands to form donor-acceptor adducts called metal complexes. Ligands that bind through one donor site are monodentate, ligands with two donor sites are bidentate, and those with more than two donor sites are polydentate ligands. For example, ethylene diamine is a bidentate ligand that binds through two nitrogen donor atoms, forming a five-membered ring. EDTA is a polydentate ligand that binds through four oxygen and two nitrogen...
Formation of Complex Ions03:45

Formation of Complex Ions

A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...
Complexation Equilibria: Factors Influencing Stability of Complexes01:09

Complexation Equilibria: Factors Influencing Stability of Complexes

In complexation reactions, metal cations are the electron pair acceptors, and the ligands are the electron pair donors. The stability of the metal complexes depends primarily on the complexing ability of the central metal ion and the nature of the ligands. Generally, the complexing ability of the metal ion depends on the size and charge of the ion. As the metal ion size increases, the stability of the metal complexes decreases, provided that the valency of the metal ion and the ligands remain...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass with Low-cost Ionic Liquids
10:42

Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass with Low-cost Ionic Liquids

Published on: August 10, 2016

Metal ions binding onto lignocellulosic biosorbent.

K K Krishnani1, Xiaoguang Meng, L Dupont

  • 1Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, R.A. Puram, Chennai, India. krishnanik@hotmail.com

Journal of Environmental Science and Health. Part A, Toxic/Hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering
|May 5, 2009
PubMed
Summary

This study shows a lignocellulosic biosorbent effectively removes heavy metal ions through adsorption and ion exchange. It demonstrates strong affinity for lead, mercury, and copper, offering a sustainable solution for water remediation.

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Towards Biomimicking Wood: Fabricated Free-standing Films of Nanocellulose, Lignin, and a Synthetic Polycation
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Green Synthesis, Characterization, Encapsulation, and Measurement of the Release Potential of Novel Alkali Lignin Micro-/Submicron Particles
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Green Synthesis, Characterization, Encapsulation, and Measurement of the Release Potential of Novel Alkali Lignin Micro-/Submicron Particles

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Green Synthesis, Characterization, Encapsulation, and Measurement of the Release Potential of Novel Alkali Lignin Micro-/Submicron Particles
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Published on: March 1, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Materials Science
  • Chemistry

Background:

  • Heavy metal contamination poses significant risks to ecosystems and human health.
  • Effective and sustainable methods for heavy metal removal from water are crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate a lignocellulosic biosorbent for heavy metal ion adsorption and ion exchange.
  • To determine the biosorbent's capacity, pH dependence, and removal mechanisms for nine different heavy metal ions.

Main Methods:

  • Batch isothermal equilibrium and continuous column adsorption experiments were conducted.
  • Langmuir isotherm model was used to interpret adsorption data.
  • Potentiometric titrations determined functional group content.

Main Results:

  • The biosorbent exhibited the highest affinity for lead (Pb2+), mercury (Hg2+), and copper (Cu2+).
  • Ion exchange with Ca2+ ions was identified as a key mechanism for Cd2+, Cu2+, Ni2+, Co2+, and Mn2+ removal.
  • The biosorbent also acted as an electron donor for Cr(VI) reduction in acidic conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Lignocellulosic biosorbents are effective for removing multiple heavy metal ions via adsorption and ion exchange.
  • The biosorbent shows potential for wastewater treatment applications.
  • Understanding the removal mechanisms aids in optimizing biosorbent performance.