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Related Concept Videos

Transcytosis of IgG01:15

Transcytosis of IgG

Transcytosis is the process in which molecules are internalized by endocytosis, transported across the cell, and released through exocytosis from the opposite end of the cell. Molecules such as insulin, immunoglobulins, and certain nutrients are transferred through the recycling endosomes by recycling and transcytosis.
IgG molecules from a mother undergo transcytosis starting around 13 weeks of gestation. The amount of IgG transferred and entering the fetal blood circulation increases with...
Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
Antibody Structure and Classes01:25

Antibody Structure and Classes

Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, are produced by B cells in response to foreign substances, such as bacteria and viruses. These proteins are critical for recognizing and neutralizing these substances, protecting the body from potential harm.
The basic structure of an antibody consists of four protein chains: two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains. These chains are held together by disulfide bonds and other non-covalent interactions, forming a Y-shaped structure.
Immunoglobulin-like Cell Adhesion Molecules01:31

Immunoglobulin-like Cell Adhesion Molecules

Immunoglobulin-like cell adhesion molecules or Ig-CAMs are a versatile group of cell surface glycoproteins belonging to the immunoglobulin protein superfamily. Ig-CAMs possess the characteristic immunoglobulin protein domains and other domains such as the fibronectin type III domain. The Ig domains are glycosylated to varying degrees in different Ig-CAMs.
Ig-CAMs exhibit either homophilic binding (to other Ig-CAMs) or heterophilic binding (to other ligands such as integrins). While most Ig-CAMs...
Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.
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Antibody Actions

Antibodies, or immunoglobulins, are critical players in the immune system's arsenal against invading pathogens. Produced by B cells and plasma cells, their primary role is to detect and bind to specific antigens, molecules found on the surface of pathogens like bacteria or viruses. Beyond antigen recognition, antibodies perform several vital functions that contribute to immune defense.
Neutralization
Antibodies can bind to pathogens, preventing them from infecting host cells. This process...

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Induction and Assessment of Class Switch Recombination in Purified Murine B Cells
09:49

Induction and Assessment of Class Switch Recombination in Purified Murine B Cells

Published on: August 13, 2010

Ikaros controls isotype selection during immunoglobulin class switch recombination.

MacLean Sellars1, Bernardo Reina-San-Martin, Philippe Kastner

  • 1Laboratory of Hematopoiesis and Leukemogenesis, and Department of Cancer Biology, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67400 Illkirch, France.

The Journal of Experimental Medicine
|May 6, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Ikaros transcription factor controls antibody isotype switching by suppressing specific genes. Its absence leads to aberrant class switch recombination (CSR) to IgG2b and IgG2a, highlighting Ikaros

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Characterization of Thymus-dependent and Thymus-independent Immunoglobulin Isotype Responses in Mice Using Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

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Last Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Induction and Assessment of Class Switch Recombination in Purified Murine B Cells
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Published on: August 13, 2010

Analysis of Somatic Hypermutation in the JH4 intron of Germinal Center B cells from Mouse Peyer's Patches
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Characterization of Thymus-dependent and Thymus-independent Immunoglobulin Isotype Responses in Mice Using Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay
06:15

Characterization of Thymus-dependent and Thymus-independent Immunoglobulin Isotype Responses in Mice Using Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Published on: September 7, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Class switch recombination (CSR) is crucial for adaptive immunity, enabling antibody diversification.
  • The molecular mechanisms governing immunoglobulin (Ig) isotype selection during CSR remain incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of the Ikaros transcription factor in regulating Ig isotype choice during CSR.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms by which Ikaros influences CSR to specific antibody isotypes.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of class switch recombination in Ikaros-deficient mice.
  • Assessment of chromatin modifications, gene transcription, and activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) accessibility at immunoglobulin heavy chain (Igh) loci.
  • Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays to detect Ikaros binding to regulatory elements of Igh genes.

Main Results:

  • Ikaros deficiency leads to increased and ectopic CSR to IgG2b and IgG2a isotypes.
  • Ikaros suppresses transcription and AID accessibility at gamma2b and gamma2a genes, inhibiting class switching.
  • Ikaros directly binds the Igh 3' enhancer and regulates isotype gene promoters.
  • Repression of gamma2b and gamma2a transcription by Ikaros promotes switching to other isotypes via transcriptional competition.

Conclusions:

  • Ikaros acts as a master regulator of Ig isotype specification during CSR.
  • Transcriptional competition between Igh constant region genes is a critical mechanism for isotype selection.
  • Ikaros controls this competition by modulating the accessibility and transcription of specific IgH loci.