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Updated: Jun 23, 2026

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Role of covalent defects on phonon softening in metallic carbon nanotubes
1Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
Abstract:
We have examined how electrical characteristics and charging dependent Raman G-band phonon softening in individual metallic carbon nanotubes are influenced by covalent defects. In addition to decreasing electrical conductance with increasing on/off current ratio eventually leading to semiconducting behavior, adding covalent defects reduces the degree of softening and broadening of longitudinal optical (LO) phonon mode of the G-band near the charge neutrality point where the bands cross. On the other hand, the transverse optical (TO) mode softening is enhanced by defects. Implications on the interpretation of Raman G-band phonon softening and on utilizing Raman spectroscopy to examine covalent functionalization are discussed.
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