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Related Concept Videos

Reporter Genes02:11

Reporter Genes

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Reporter genes are a type of protein-coding gene that are often tagged to a gene of interest. Once inside a target cell, reporter genes usually produce visually identifiable characteristics like fluorescence and luminescence when expressed along with the gene of interest. Thus, reporter genes “report” the presence or absence of genes of interest in an organism, determine the gene expression pattern, or track the physical location of a DNA segment or protein in the cell.
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Microarrays are high-throughput and relatively inexpensive assays that can be automated to analyze large quantities of data at a time. They are used in genome-wide studies to compare gene or protein expression under two varied conditions, such as healthy and diseased states. Microarrays consist of glass or silica slides on which probe molecules are covalently attached through surface functionalization. Most commonly, the slides are prepared through the chemisorption of silanes to silica...
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Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
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Updated: Dec 16, 2025

Method for Labeling Transcripts in Individual Escherichia coli Cells for Single-molecule Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization Experiments
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Single-molecule approaches to stochastic gene expression.

Arjun Raj1, Alexander van Oudenaarden

  • 1Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.

Annual Review of Biophysics
|May 7, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Stochastic gene expression leads to cell variability. New single-molecule detection methods reveal insights into mRNA and protein bursts, advancing our understanding of gene expression randomness.

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Systems Biology

Background:

  • Gene expression, involving mRNA transcription and protein translation, is a stochastic process.
  • This inherent randomness causes significant cell-to-cell variation in mRNA and protein levels.
  • Recent advancements in single-molecule detection have improved the understanding of these processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review insights gained from recent studies on stochastic gene expression.
  • To elucidate the role of single-molecule techniques in understanding gene expression bursts.
  • To compare various methods for single mRNA and protein detection.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent literature utilizing single-molecule detection techniques.
  • Analysis of studies focusing on stochastic processes in gene expression.

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  • Comparative assessment of different single mRNA and protein detection methods.

    • Main Results:

    • Single-molecule techniques have significantly enhanced the understanding of stochastic gene expression.
    • These methods provide crucial insights into the properties of gene expression bursts.
    • A variety of methods for single mRNA and protein detection exist, each with unique strengths and weaknesses.

    Conclusions:

    • Single-molecule approaches are vital for dissecting gene expression noise.
    • Further application of these techniques promises new discoveries in gene expression regulation.
    • Understanding stochasticity is key to comprehending cellular function and variability.