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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Development of Stem Cell-derived Antigen-specific Regulatory T Cells Against Autoimmunity

Development of Stem Cell-derived Antigen-specific Regulatory T Cells Against Autoimmunity

Published on: November 8, 2016

Regulatory T cells and autoimmunity.

Josephine Vila¹, John D Isaacs, Amy E Anderson

¹Musculoskeletal Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.

Current Opinion in Hematology

|May 7, 2009

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are crucial for immune self-tolerance and play a significant role in autoimmune diseases. Recent research deepens our understanding of Treg function and therapeutic potential in treating these conditions.

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Development of Stem Cell-derived Antigen-specific Regulatory T Cells Against Autoimmunity

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Published on: November 8, 2016

Regulatory T cells: Therapeutic Potential for Treating Transplant Rejection and Type I Diabetes

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Generation of Human Chimeric Antigen Receptor Regulatory T Cells

Generation of Human Chimeric Antigen Receptor Regulatory T Cells

Published on: January 3, 2025

Area of Science:

Immunology
Autoimmunity

Background:

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are key to maintaining immunological self-tolerance.
The role of Tregs in autoimmune diseases is a rapidly evolving area of research.

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent advancements in understanding the function of Tregs in autoimmunity.
To explore current and future therapeutic strategies targeting Tregs for autoimmune diseases.

Main Methods:

Comprehensive literature review of studies published within the last 12 months.
Analysis of Treg mechanisms, antigen specificity, frequency, and function in various autoimmune conditions.

Main Results:

Tregs modulate immune responses through various mechanisms, including interactions with Th17 cells.
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and specific Treg markers are critical in autoimmune pathogenesis.
Emerging data highlights other regulatory cells involved in autoimmunity.

Conclusions:

Advances in understanding Treg biology have paved the way for novel immunomodulatory therapies.
Targeting Tregs offers promising avenues for treating and potentially curing autoimmune diseases.
Further research is needed to fully elucidate Treg functions and optimize therapeutic applications.