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Related Concept Videos

Mass Analyzers: Common Types01:19

Mass Analyzers: Common Types

The quadrupole mass analyzer consists of four cylindrical metal rods arranged in a diamond carrying a DC voltage and a radio-frequency AC voltage. The motion of ions through the quadrupole depends on the field strength, causing only ions of a certain m/z to resonate successfully and strike the detector at a given field strength. Though the transmission rate for these analyzers is high, the exact elemental composition of the sample is not determined because of low resolution; however, they are...
Chemical Ionization (CI) Mass Spectrometry01:21

Chemical Ionization (CI) Mass Spectrometry

The molecular ion peak of a molecule in the mass spectrum provides vital information for molecular identification. However, conventional electron impact ionization can lead to the rapid dissociation of some molecular ions before they reach the detector. A milder ionization method is required to increase the lifetime of such ionized analyte molecules. Chemical ionization (CI) is a gas-phase protonation reaction useful for mass-analyzing analyte molecules that are easily protonated to yield the...
Mass Spectrum: Interpretation01:24

Mass Spectrum: Interpretation

An unknown compound can be established by identifying the molecular ion peak in the mass spectrum. The molecular ion peak is often weak or absent due to the predominance of fragmentation in high-energy electron beams. In such cases, a soft-energy electron beam can be used to scan the spectrum to enhance the intensity of the molecular ion peak. Additionally, chemical ionization, field ionization, and desorption ionization spectra are used to obtain a relatively intense molecular ion peak.To...
Inductively Coupled Plasma–Mass Spectrometry (ICP–MS): Overview01:19

Inductively Coupled Plasma–Mass Spectrometry (ICP–MS): Overview

In inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP–MS), an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) torch is used as an atomizer and ionizer. Solid samples are dissolved and volatilized before being introduced into the high-temperature argon plasma, while solution samples are nebulized and passed through the high-temperature argon plasma. Plasma dissociates the analytes and ionizes their component atoms to form a mixture of positive ions and molecular species. The positive ions are then passed on to...
Double Resonance Techniques: Overview01:12

Double Resonance Techniques: Overview

Double resonance techniques in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy involve the simultaneous application of two different frequencies or radiofrequency pulses to manipulate and observe two distinct nuclear spins. One important application of double resonance is spin decoupling, which selectively suppresses coupling with one type of nucleus while observing the NMR signal from another nucleus, simplifying the spectrum and enhancing resolution.
Spin decoupling is usually achieved by...
Tandem Mass Spectrometry01:21

Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Tandem mass spectrometry is a technique that uses multiple mass analyzers in series to obtain a higher selectivity and reduce chemical noise during analyte detection. Instruments with multiple analyzers separated by an interaction cell enable secondary fragmentation and selected study of the fragment ions.Secondary fragmentations occur in the interaction cell and can be induced by various factors. Fragmentation induced by collision with inert gases, such as N2, Ar, He, etc., is called...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F&#8722;
06:53

Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F−

Published on: July 27, 2018

Phase-space analysis of double ionization.

M Lein, V Engel, E Gross

    Optics Express
    |May 7, 2009
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    The Wigner transformation reveals electron rescattering in strong laser fields, unlike mean-field calculations. This method visualizes the correlated two-electron system

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    Last Updated: Jun 23, 2026

    Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F&#8722;
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    Published on: July 27, 2018

    Coulomb Explosion Imaging as a Tool to Distinguish Between Stereoisomers
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    Published on: August 18, 2017

    Spatial Separation of Molecular Conformers and Clusters
    10:37

    Spatial Separation of Molecular Conformers and Clusters

    Published on: January 9, 2014

    Area of Science:

    • Quantum mechanics
    • Atomic physics
    • Strong field physics

    Background:

    • Double ionization of atoms in strong laser fields is a complex quantum phenomenon.
    • Understanding electron correlation is crucial for describing this process.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the electronic center-of-mass motion in phase-space during strong laser-driven double ionization.
    • To analyze the role of the rescattering mechanism in the correlated two-electron system.

    Main Methods:

    • Application of the Wigner transformation to study phase-space dynamics.
    • Comparison with mean-field calculation results.

    Main Results:

    • The Wigner transformation clearly visualizes the rescattering mechanism in the two-electron system.
    • Signatures of rescattering are absent in mean-field calculations.
    • Properties of the Wigner function for two-particle systems are presented.

    Conclusions:

    • The Wigner transformation is a powerful tool for understanding electron dynamics in strong laser fields.
    • Mean-field approaches may oversimplify or miss key physics like rescattering in correlated systems.